diff --git a/src/crypto/fipsmodule/rsa/rsa_impl.c b/src/crypto/fipsmodule/rsa/rsa_impl.c
index 928346657..120639703 100644
--- a/src/crypto/fipsmodule/rsa/rsa_impl.c
+++ b/src/crypto/fipsmodule/rsa/rsa_impl.c
@@ -87,6 +87,13 @@ int rsa_check_public_key(const RSA *rsa) {
     return 0;
   }
 
+  // TODO(crbug.com/boringssl/607): Raise this limit. 512-bit RSA was factored
+  // in 1999.
+  if (n_bits < 512) {
+    OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(RSA, RSA_R_KEY_SIZE_TOO_SMALL);
+    return 0;
+  }
+
   // RSA moduli must be positive and odd. In addition to being necessary for RSA
   // in general, we cannot setup Montgomery reduction with even moduli.
   if (!BN_is_odd(rsa->n) || BN_is_negative(rsa->n)) {
@@ -124,22 +131,16 @@ int rsa_check_public_key(const RSA *rsa) {
         OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(RSA, RSA_R_BAD_E_VALUE);
         return 0;
       }
+
+      // The upper bound on |e_bits| and lower bound on |n_bits| imply e is
+      // bounded by n.
+      assert(BN_ucmp(rsa->n, rsa->e) > 0);
     }
   } else if (!(rsa->flags & RSA_FLAG_NO_PUBLIC_EXPONENT)) {
     OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(RSA, RSA_R_VALUE_MISSING);
     return 0;
   }
 
-  // Verify |n > e|. Comparing |n_bits| to |kMaxExponentBits| is a small
-  // shortcut to comparing |n| and |e| directly. In reality, |kMaxExponentBits|
-  // is much smaller than the minimum RSA key size that any application should
-  // accept.
-  if (n_bits <= kMaxExponentBits) {
-    OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(RSA, RSA_R_KEY_SIZE_TOO_SMALL);
-    return 0;
-  }
-  assert(rsa->e == NULL || BN_ucmp(rsa->n, rsa->e) > 0);
-
   return 1;
 }
 
diff --git a/src/crypto/rsa_extra/rsa_test.cc b/src/crypto/rsa_extra/rsa_test.cc
index fc5d5f86e..87e0396d1 100644
--- a/src/crypto/rsa_extra/rsa_test.cc
+++ b/src/crypto/rsa_extra/rsa_test.cc
@@ -80,229 +80,202 @@
 
 
 // kPlaintext is a sample plaintext.
-static const uint8_t kPlaintext[] = "\x54\x85\x9b\x34\x2c\x49\xea\x2a";
-static const size_t kPlaintextLen = sizeof(kPlaintext) - 1;
+static const uint8_t kPlaintext[] = {0x54, 0x85, 0x9b, 0x34,
+                                     0x2c, 0x49, 0xea, 0x2a};
 
-// kKey1 is a DER-encoded RSAPrivateKey.
-static const uint8_t kKey1[] =
-    "\x30\x82\x01\x38\x02\x01\x00\x02\x41\x00\xaa\x36\xab\xce\x88\xac\xfd\xff"
-    "\x55\x52\x3c\x7f\xc4\x52\x3f\x90\xef\xa0\x0d\xf3\x77\x4a\x25\x9f\x2e\x62"
-    "\xb4\xc5\xd9\x9c\xb5\xad\xb3\x00\xa0\x28\x5e\x53\x01\x93\x0e\x0c\x70\xfb"
-    "\x68\x76\x93\x9c\xe6\x16\xce\x62\x4a\x11\xe0\x08\x6d\x34\x1e\xbc\xac\xa0"
-    "\xa1\xf5\x02\x01\x11\x02\x40\x0a\x03\x37\x48\x62\x64\x87\x69\x5f\x5f\x30"
-    "\xbc\x38\xb9\x8b\x44\xc2\xcd\x2d\xff\x43\x40\x98\xcd\x20\xd8\xa1\x38\xd0"
-    "\x90\xbf\x64\x79\x7c\x3f\xa7\xa2\xcd\xcb\x3c\xd1\xe0\xbd\xba\x26\x54\xb4"
-    "\xf9\xdf\x8e\x8a\xe5\x9d\x73\x3d\x9f\x33\xb3\x01\x62\x4a\xfd\x1d\x51\x02"
-    "\x21\x00\xd8\x40\xb4\x16\x66\xb4\x2e\x92\xea\x0d\xa3\xb4\x32\x04\xb5\xcf"
-    "\xce\x33\x52\x52\x4d\x04\x16\xa5\xa4\x41\xe7\x00\xaf\x46\x12\x0d\x02\x21"
-    "\x00\xc9\x7f\xb1\xf0\x27\xf4\x53\xf6\x34\x12\x33\xea\xaa\xd1\xd9\x35\x3f"
-    "\x6c\x42\xd0\x88\x66\xb1\xd0\x5a\x0f\x20\x35\x02\x8b\x9d\x89\x02\x20\x59"
-    "\x0b\x95\x72\xa2\xc2\xa9\xc4\x06\x05\x9d\xc2\xab\x2f\x1d\xaf\xeb\x7e\x8b"
-    "\x4f\x10\xa7\x54\x9e\x8e\xed\xf5\xb4\xfc\xe0\x9e\x05\x02\x21\x00\x8e\x3c"
-    "\x05\x21\xfe\x15\xe0\xea\x06\xa3\x6f\xf0\xf1\x0c\x99\x52\xc3\x5b\x7a\x75"
-    "\x14\xfd\x32\x38\xb8\x0a\xad\x52\x98\x62\x8d\x51\x02\x20\x36\x3f\xf7\x18"
-    "\x9d\xa8\xe9\x0b\x1d\x34\x1f\x71\xd0\x9b\x76\xa8\xa9\x43\xe1\x1d\x10\xb2"
-    "\x4d\x24\x9f\x2d\xea\xfe\xf8\x0c\x18\x26";
 
-// kFIPSKey is a DER-encoded RSAPrivateKey that is FIPS-compliant.
-static const uint8_t kFIPSKey[] =
-    "\x30\x82\x02\x5c\x02\x01\x00\x02\x81\x81\x00\xa1\x71\x90\x77\x86\x8a\xc7"
-    "\xb8\xfc\x2a\x45\x82\x6d\xee\xeb\x35\x3a\x18\x3f\xb6\xb0\x1e\xb1\xd3\x09"
-    "\x6b\x05\x4d\xec\x1c\x37\x6f\x09\x31\x32\xda\x21\x8a\x49\x0e\x16\x28\xed"
-    "\x9a\x30\xf3\x14\x53\xfd\x5b\xb0\xf6\x4a\x5d\x52\xe1\xda\xe1\x40\x6e\x65"
-    "\xbf\xca\x45\xd9\x62\x96\x4a\x1e\x11\xc4\x61\x83\x1f\x58\x8d\x5e\xd0\x12"
-    "\xaf\xa5\xec\x9b\x97\x2f\x6c\xb2\x82\x4a\x73\xd0\xd3\x9a\xc9\x69\x6b\x24"
-    "\x3c\x82\x6f\xee\x4d\x0c\x7e\xdf\xd7\xae\xea\x3a\xeb\x04\x27\x8d\x43\x81"
-    "\x59\xa7\x90\x56\xc1\x69\x42\xb3\xaf\x1c\x8d\x4e\xbf\x02\x03\x01\x00\x01"
-    "\x02\x81\x80\x60\x82\xcd\x44\x46\xcf\xeb\xf9\x6f\xf5\xad\x3b\xfd\x90\x18"
-    "\x57\xe7\x74\xdb\x91\xd0\xd3\x68\xa6\xaa\x38\xaa\x21\x1d\x06\xf9\x34\x8d"
-    "\xa0\x35\xb0\x24\xe0\xd0\x2f\x75\x9b\xdd\xfe\x91\x48\x9f\x5c\x5e\x57\x54"
-    "\x00\xc8\x0f\xe6\x1e\x52\x84\xd9\xc9\xa5\x55\xf4\x0a\xbe\x88\x46\x7a\xfb"
-    "\x18\x37\x8e\xe6\x6e\xa2\x5f\x80\x48\x34\x3f\x5c\xbe\x0e\x1e\xe8\x2f\x50"
-    "\xba\x14\x96\x3c\xea\xfb\xd2\x49\x33\xdc\x12\xb8\xa7\x8a\xb5\x27\xf9\x00"
-    "\x4b\xf5\xd2\x2a\xd0\x2c\x1d\x9b\xd5\x6c\x3e\x4b\xb9\x7e\x39\xf7\x3e\x39"
-    "\xc9\x47\x5e\xbe\x91\x02\x41\x00\xcd\x33\xcf\x37\x01\xd7\x59\xcc\xbe\xa0"
-    "\x1c\xb9\xf5\xe7\x44\x9f\x62\x91\xa7\xa7\x7b\x0c\x52\xcd\x7e\xe6\x31\x11"
-    "\x8b\xd8\x2c\x8a\x63\xe1\x07\xc9\xcb\xce\x01\x45\x63\xf5\x5d\x44\xfb\xeb"
-    "\x8d\x74\x16\x20\x7d\x3b\xb4\xa1\x61\xb0\xa8\x29\x51\xc9\xef\xb6\xa1\xd5"
-    "\x02\x41\x00\xc9\x68\xa6\xd3\x88\xd5\x49\x9d\x6b\x44\x96\xfd\xbf\x66\x27"
-    "\xb4\x1f\x90\x76\x86\x2f\xe2\xce\x20\x5d\xee\x9b\xeb\xc4\xb4\x62\x47\x79"
-    "\x99\xb1\x99\xbc\xa2\xa6\xb6\x96\x64\xd5\x77\x9b\x45\xd4\xf0\x99\xb5\x9e"
-    "\x61\x4d\xf5\x12\xdd\x84\x14\xaf\x1e\xdd\x83\x24\x43\x02\x40\x60\x29\x7f"
-    "\x59\xcf\xcb\x13\x92\x17\x63\x01\x13\x44\x61\x74\x8f\x1c\xaa\x15\x5f\x2f"
-    "\x12\xbf\x5a\xfd\xb4\xf2\x19\xbe\xe7\x37\x38\x43\x46\x19\x58\x3f\xe1\xf2"
-    "\x46\x8a\x69\x59\xa4\x12\x4a\x78\xa7\x86\x17\x03\x99\x0f\x34\xf1\x8a\xcf"
-    "\xc3\x4d\x48\xcc\xc5\x51\x61\x02\x41\x00\xc2\x12\xb3\x5d\xf5\xe5\xff\xcf"
-    "\x4e\x43\x83\x72\xf2\xf1\x4e\xa4\xc4\x1d\x81\xf7\xff\x40\x7e\xfa\xb5\x48"
-    "\x6c\xba\x1c\x8a\xec\x80\x8e\xed\xc8\x32\xa9\x8f\xd9\x30\xeb\x6e\x32\x3b"
-    "\xd4\x44\xcf\xd1\x1f\x6b\xe0\x37\x46\xd5\x35\xde\x79\x9d\x2c\xb9\x83\x1d"
-    "\x10\xdd\x02\x40\x0f\x14\x95\x96\xa0\xe2\x6c\xd4\x88\xa7\x0b\x82\x14\x10"
-    "\xad\x26\x0d\xe4\xa1\x5e\x01\x3d\x21\xd2\xfb\x0e\xf9\x58\xa5\xca\x1e\x21"
-    "\xb3\xf5\x9a\x6c\x3d\x5a\x72\xb1\x2d\xfe\xac\x09\x4f\xdd\xe5\x44\xd1\x4e"
-    "\xf8\x59\x85\x3a\x65\xe2\xcd\xbc\x27\x1d\x9b\x48\x9f\xb9";
+// kKey1 is a DER-encoded 1024-bit RSAPrivateKey with e = 65537.
+static const uint8_t kKey1[] = {
+    0x30, 0x82, 0x02, 0x5c, 0x02, 0x01, 0x00, 0x02, 0x81, 0x81, 0x00, 0xa1,
+    0x71, 0x90, 0x77, 0x86, 0x8a, 0xc7, 0xb8, 0xfc, 0x2a, 0x45, 0x82, 0x6d,
+    0xee, 0xeb, 0x35, 0x3a, 0x18, 0x3f, 0xb6, 0xb0, 0x1e, 0xb1, 0xd3, 0x09,
+    0x6b, 0x05, 0x4d, 0xec, 0x1c, 0x37, 0x6f, 0x09, 0x31, 0x32, 0xda, 0x21,
+    0x8a, 0x49, 0x0e, 0x16, 0x28, 0xed, 0x9a, 0x30, 0xf3, 0x14, 0x53, 0xfd,
+    0x5b, 0xb0, 0xf6, 0x4a, 0x5d, 0x52, 0xe1, 0xda, 0xe1, 0x40, 0x6e, 0x65,
+    0xbf, 0xca, 0x45, 0xd9, 0x62, 0x96, 0x4a, 0x1e, 0x11, 0xc4, 0x61, 0x83,
+    0x1f, 0x58, 0x8d, 0x5e, 0xd0, 0x12, 0xaf, 0xa5, 0xec, 0x9b, 0x97, 0x2f,
+    0x6c, 0xb2, 0x82, 0x4a, 0x73, 0xd0, 0xd3, 0x9a, 0xc9, 0x69, 0x6b, 0x24,
+    0x3c, 0x82, 0x6f, 0xee, 0x4d, 0x0c, 0x7e, 0xdf, 0xd7, 0xae, 0xea, 0x3a,
+    0xeb, 0x04, 0x27, 0x8d, 0x43, 0x81, 0x59, 0xa7, 0x90, 0x56, 0xc1, 0x69,
+    0x42, 0xb3, 0xaf, 0x1c, 0x8d, 0x4e, 0xbf, 0x02, 0x03, 0x01, 0x00, 0x01,
+    0x02, 0x81, 0x80, 0x60, 0x82, 0xcd, 0x44, 0x46, 0xcf, 0xeb, 0xf9, 0x6f,
+    0xf5, 0xad, 0x3b, 0xfd, 0x90, 0x18, 0x57, 0xe7, 0x74, 0xdb, 0x91, 0xd0,
+    0xd3, 0x68, 0xa6, 0xaa, 0x38, 0xaa, 0x21, 0x1d, 0x06, 0xf9, 0x34, 0x8d,
+    0xa0, 0x35, 0xb0, 0x24, 0xe0, 0xd0, 0x2f, 0x75, 0x9b, 0xdd, 0xfe, 0x91,
+    0x48, 0x9f, 0x5c, 0x5e, 0x57, 0x54, 0x00, 0xc8, 0x0f, 0xe6, 0x1e, 0x52,
+    0x84, 0xd9, 0xc9, 0xa5, 0x55, 0xf4, 0x0a, 0xbe, 0x88, 0x46, 0x7a, 0xfb,
+    0x18, 0x37, 0x8e, 0xe6, 0x6e, 0xa2, 0x5f, 0x80, 0x48, 0x34, 0x3f, 0x5c,
+    0xbe, 0x0e, 0x1e, 0xe8, 0x2f, 0x50, 0xba, 0x14, 0x96, 0x3c, 0xea, 0xfb,
+    0xd2, 0x49, 0x33, 0xdc, 0x12, 0xb8, 0xa7, 0x8a, 0xb5, 0x27, 0xf9, 0x00,
+    0x4b, 0xf5, 0xd2, 0x2a, 0xd0, 0x2c, 0x1d, 0x9b, 0xd5, 0x6c, 0x3e, 0x4b,
+    0xb9, 0x7e, 0x39, 0xf7, 0x3e, 0x39, 0xc9, 0x47, 0x5e, 0xbe, 0x91, 0x02,
+    0x41, 0x00, 0xcd, 0x33, 0xcf, 0x37, 0x01, 0xd7, 0x59, 0xcc, 0xbe, 0xa0,
+    0x1c, 0xb9, 0xf5, 0xe7, 0x44, 0x9f, 0x62, 0x91, 0xa7, 0xa7, 0x7b, 0x0c,
+    0x52, 0xcd, 0x7e, 0xe6, 0x31, 0x11, 0x8b, 0xd8, 0x2c, 0x8a, 0x63, 0xe1,
+    0x07, 0xc9, 0xcb, 0xce, 0x01, 0x45, 0x63, 0xf5, 0x5d, 0x44, 0xfb, 0xeb,
+    0x8d, 0x74, 0x16, 0x20, 0x7d, 0x3b, 0xb4, 0xa1, 0x61, 0xb0, 0xa8, 0x29,
+    0x51, 0xc9, 0xef, 0xb6, 0xa1, 0xd5, 0x02, 0x41, 0x00, 0xc9, 0x68, 0xa6,
+    0xd3, 0x88, 0xd5, 0x49, 0x9d, 0x6b, 0x44, 0x96, 0xfd, 0xbf, 0x66, 0x27,
+    0xb4, 0x1f, 0x90, 0x76, 0x86, 0x2f, 0xe2, 0xce, 0x20, 0x5d, 0xee, 0x9b,
+    0xeb, 0xc4, 0xb4, 0x62, 0x47, 0x79, 0x99, 0xb1, 0x99, 0xbc, 0xa2, 0xa6,
+    0xb6, 0x96, 0x64, 0xd5, 0x77, 0x9b, 0x45, 0xd4, 0xf0, 0x99, 0xb5, 0x9e,
+    0x61, 0x4d, 0xf5, 0x12, 0xdd, 0x84, 0x14, 0xaf, 0x1e, 0xdd, 0x83, 0x24,
+    0x43, 0x02, 0x40, 0x60, 0x29, 0x7f, 0x59, 0xcf, 0xcb, 0x13, 0x92, 0x17,
+    0x63, 0x01, 0x13, 0x44, 0x61, 0x74, 0x8f, 0x1c, 0xaa, 0x15, 0x5f, 0x2f,
+    0x12, 0xbf, 0x5a, 0xfd, 0xb4, 0xf2, 0x19, 0xbe, 0xe7, 0x37, 0x38, 0x43,
+    0x46, 0x19, 0x58, 0x3f, 0xe1, 0xf2, 0x46, 0x8a, 0x69, 0x59, 0xa4, 0x12,
+    0x4a, 0x78, 0xa7, 0x86, 0x17, 0x03, 0x99, 0x0f, 0x34, 0xf1, 0x8a, 0xcf,
+    0xc3, 0x4d, 0x48, 0xcc, 0xc5, 0x51, 0x61, 0x02, 0x41, 0x00, 0xc2, 0x12,
+    0xb3, 0x5d, 0xf5, 0xe5, 0xff, 0xcf, 0x4e, 0x43, 0x83, 0x72, 0xf2, 0xf1,
+    0x4e, 0xa4, 0xc4, 0x1d, 0x81, 0xf7, 0xff, 0x40, 0x7e, 0xfa, 0xb5, 0x48,
+    0x6c, 0xba, 0x1c, 0x8a, 0xec, 0x80, 0x8e, 0xed, 0xc8, 0x32, 0xa9, 0x8f,
+    0xd9, 0x30, 0xeb, 0x6e, 0x32, 0x3b, 0xd4, 0x44, 0xcf, 0xd1, 0x1f, 0x6b,
+    0xe0, 0x37, 0x46, 0xd5, 0x35, 0xde, 0x79, 0x9d, 0x2c, 0xb9, 0x83, 0x1d,
+    0x10, 0xdd, 0x02, 0x40, 0x0f, 0x14, 0x95, 0x96, 0xa0, 0xe2, 0x6c, 0xd4,
+    0x88, 0xa7, 0x0b, 0x82, 0x14, 0x10, 0xad, 0x26, 0x0d, 0xe4, 0xa1, 0x5e,
+    0x01, 0x3d, 0x21, 0xd2, 0xfb, 0x0e, 0xf9, 0x58, 0xa5, 0xca, 0x1e, 0x21,
+    0xb3, 0xf5, 0x9a, 0x6c, 0x3d, 0x5a, 0x72, 0xb1, 0x2d, 0xfe, 0xac, 0x09,
+    0x4f, 0xdd, 0xe5, 0x44, 0xd1, 0x4e, 0xf8, 0x59, 0x85, 0x3a, 0x65, 0xe2,
+    0xcd, 0xbc, 0x27, 0x1d, 0x9b, 0x48, 0x9f, 0xb9};
 
-static const uint8_t kFIPSPublicKey[] =
-    "\x30\x81\x89\x02\x81\x81\x00\xa1\x71\x90\x77\x86\x8a\xc7\xb8\xfc\x2a\x45"
-    "\x82\x6d\xee\xeb\x35\x3a\x18\x3f\xb6\xb0\x1e\xb1\xd3\x09\x6b\x05\x4d\xec"
-    "\x1c\x37\x6f\x09\x31\x32\xda\x21\x8a\x49\x0e\x16\x28\xed\x9a\x30\xf3\x14"
-    "\x53\xfd\x5b\xb0\xf6\x4a\x5d\x52\xe1\xda\xe1\x40\x6e\x65\xbf\xca\x45\xd9"
-    "\x62\x96\x4a\x1e\x11\xc4\x61\x83\x1f\x58\x8d\x5e\xd0\x12\xaf\xa5\xec\x9b"
-    "\x97\x2f\x6c\xb2\x82\x4a\x73\xd0\xd3\x9a\xc9\x69\x6b\x24\x3c\x82\x6f\xee"
-    "\x4d\x0c\x7e\xdf\xd7\xae\xea\x3a\xeb\x04\x27\x8d\x43\x81\x59\xa7\x90\x56"
-    "\xc1\x69\x42\xb3\xaf\x1c\x8d\x4e\xbf\x02\x03\x01\x00\x01";
+static const uint8_t kKey1Public[] = {
+    0x30, 0x81, 0x89, 0x02, 0x81, 0x81, 0x00, 0xa1, 0x71, 0x90, 0x77, 0x86,
+    0x8a, 0xc7, 0xb8, 0xfc, 0x2a, 0x45, 0x82, 0x6d, 0xee, 0xeb, 0x35, 0x3a,
+    0x18, 0x3f, 0xb6, 0xb0, 0x1e, 0xb1, 0xd3, 0x09, 0x6b, 0x05, 0x4d, 0xec,
+    0x1c, 0x37, 0x6f, 0x09, 0x31, 0x32, 0xda, 0x21, 0x8a, 0x49, 0x0e, 0x16,
+    0x28, 0xed, 0x9a, 0x30, 0xf3, 0x14, 0x53, 0xfd, 0x5b, 0xb0, 0xf6, 0x4a,
+    0x5d, 0x52, 0xe1, 0xda, 0xe1, 0x40, 0x6e, 0x65, 0xbf, 0xca, 0x45, 0xd9,
+    0x62, 0x96, 0x4a, 0x1e, 0x11, 0xc4, 0x61, 0x83, 0x1f, 0x58, 0x8d, 0x5e,
+    0xd0, 0x12, 0xaf, 0xa5, 0xec, 0x9b, 0x97, 0x2f, 0x6c, 0xb2, 0x82, 0x4a,
+    0x73, 0xd0, 0xd3, 0x9a, 0xc9, 0x69, 0x6b, 0x24, 0x3c, 0x82, 0x6f, 0xee,
+    0x4d, 0x0c, 0x7e, 0xdf, 0xd7, 0xae, 0xea, 0x3a, 0xeb, 0x04, 0x27, 0x8d,
+    0x43, 0x81, 0x59, 0xa7, 0x90, 0x56, 0xc1, 0x69, 0x42, 0xb3, 0xaf, 0x1c,
+    0x8d, 0x4e, 0xbf, 0x02, 0x03, 0x01, 0x00, 0x01};
 
 // kOAEPCiphertext1 is a sample encryption of |kPlaintext| with |kKey1| using
-// RSA OAEP.
-static const uint8_t kOAEPCiphertext1[] =
-    "\x1b\x8f\x05\xf9\xca\x1a\x79\x52\x6e\x53\xf3\xcc\x51\x4f\xdb\x89\x2b\xfb"
-    "\x91\x93\x23\x1e\x78\xb9\x92\xe6\x8d\x50\xa4\x80\xcb\x52\x33\x89\x5c\x74"
-    "\x95\x8d\x5d\x02\xab\x8c\x0f\xd0\x40\xeb\x58\x44\xb0\x05\xc3\x9e\xd8\x27"
-    "\x4a\x9d\xbf\xa8\x06\x71\x40\x94\x39\xd2";
+// RSA OAEP, SHA-1, and no label. It was generated with:
+//
+// clang-format off
+// openssl pkeyutl -encrypt -inkey key1.pem -pkeyopt rsa_padding_mode:oaep -pkeyopt rsa_oaep_md:sha1 -in plaintext | xxd -i
+// clang-format on
+static const uint8_t kOAEPCiphertext1[] = {
+    0x53, 0xa3, 0x0e, 0xc7, 0x95, 0x52, 0x80, 0x6f, 0x9d, 0x4c, 0xd2, 0x87,
+    0xa0, 0x5d, 0x4b, 0xee, 0x78, 0x7d, 0xaa, 0x2a, 0xf6, 0x48, 0x5e, 0x83,
+    0xb4, 0xc7, 0xd5, 0x82, 0xa7, 0xe9, 0x3e, 0x4c, 0x54, 0xa0, 0x1e, 0x5f,
+    0x49, 0x17, 0x26, 0x36, 0x37, 0x22, 0x09, 0xe8, 0xde, 0x8d, 0x51, 0x49,
+    0x0b, 0x34, 0x27, 0x30, 0x1f, 0x12, 0xbd, 0xf4, 0x2f, 0xed, 0x9e, 0xcf,
+    0x9e, 0xda, 0x41, 0x69, 0xf7, 0x86, 0x64, 0xfc, 0x7d, 0x0a, 0x4b, 0x28,
+    0x28, 0x9e, 0x38, 0x97, 0xae, 0x01, 0x86, 0xbe, 0xb0, 0x92, 0xfd, 0xa0,
+    0x5c, 0x75, 0xaf, 0x01, 0x88, 0xf7, 0x24, 0xa8, 0xcd, 0x44, 0x3c, 0x13,
+    0x42, 0xf7, 0x03, 0x9b, 0x88, 0x1c, 0x65, 0xf4, 0x83, 0xba, 0xc8, 0x10,
+    0xe2, 0x9a, 0x37, 0x79, 0x77, 0xef, 0x20, 0x3d, 0x2d, 0xa4, 0xe5, 0x3e,
+    0xd4, 0x18, 0x3e, 0x12, 0xc1, 0xc3, 0x68, 0x65};
 
-// kKey2 is a DER-encoded RSAPrivateKey.
-static const uint8_t kKey2[] =
-    "\x30\x81\xfb\x02\x01\x00\x02\x33\x00\xa3\x07\x9a\x90\xdf\x0d\xfd\x72\xac"
-    "\x09\x0c\xcc\x2a\x78\xb8\x74\x13\x13\x3e\x40\x75\x9c\x98\xfa\xf8\x20\x4f"
-    "\x35\x8a\x0b\x26\x3c\x67\x70\xe7\x83\xa9\x3b\x69\x71\xb7\x37\x79\xd2\x71"
-    "\x7b\xe8\x34\x77\xcf\x02\x01\x03\x02\x32\x6c\xaf\xbc\x60\x94\xb3\xfe\x4c"
-    "\x72\xb0\xb3\x32\xc6\xfb\x25\xa2\xb7\x62\x29\x80\x4e\x68\x65\xfc\xa4\x5a"
-    "\x74\xdf\x0f\x8f\xb8\x41\x3b\x52\xc0\xd0\xe5\x3d\x9b\x59\x0f\xf1\x9b\xe7"
-    "\x9f\x49\xdd\x21\xe5\xeb\x02\x1a\x00\xcf\x20\x35\x02\x8b\x9d\x86\x98\x40"
-    "\xb4\x16\x66\xb4\x2e\x92\xea\x0d\xa3\xb4\x32\x04\xb5\xcf\xce\x91\x02\x1a"
-    "\x00\xc9\x7f\xb1\xf0\x27\xf4\x53\xf6\x34\x12\x33\xea\xaa\xd1\xd9\x35\x3f"
-    "\x6c\x42\xd0\x88\x66\xb1\xd0\x5f\x02\x1a\x00\x8a\x15\x78\xac\x5d\x13\xaf"
-    "\x10\x2b\x22\xb9\x99\xcd\x74\x61\xf1\x5e\x6d\x22\xcc\x03\x23\xdf\xdf\x0b"
-    "\x02\x1a\x00\x86\x55\x21\x4a\xc5\x4d\x8d\x4e\xcd\x61\x77\xf1\xc7\x36\x90"
-    "\xce\x2a\x48\x2c\x8b\x05\x99\xcb\xe0\x3f\x02\x1a\x00\x83\xef\xef\xb8\xa9"
-    "\xa4\x0d\x1d\xb6\xed\x98\xad\x84\xed\x13\x35\xdc\xc1\x08\xf3\x22\xd0\x57"
-    "\xcf\x8d";
+// kKey2 is a 2048-bit RSA private key, with e = 3.
+static const uint8_t kKey2[] = {
+    0x30, 0x82, 0x04, 0xa1, 0x02, 0x01, 0x00, 0x02, 0x82, 0x01, 0x01, 0x00,
+    0x93, 0x3a, 0x4f, 0xc9, 0x6a, 0x0a, 0x6b, 0x28, 0x04, 0xfa, 0xb7, 0x05,
+    0x56, 0xdf, 0xa0, 0xaa, 0x4f, 0xaa, 0xab, 0x94, 0xa0, 0xa9, 0x25, 0xef,
+    0xc5, 0x96, 0xd2, 0xd4, 0x66, 0x16, 0x62, 0x2c, 0x13, 0x7b, 0x91, 0xd0,
+    0x36, 0x0a, 0x10, 0x11, 0x6d, 0x7a, 0x91, 0xb6, 0xe4, 0x74, 0x57, 0xc1,
+    0x3d, 0x7a, 0xbe, 0x24, 0x05, 0x3a, 0x04, 0x0b, 0x73, 0x91, 0x53, 0xb1,
+    0x74, 0x10, 0xe1, 0x87, 0xdc, 0x91, 0x28, 0x9c, 0x1e, 0xe5, 0xf2, 0xb9,
+    0xfc, 0xa2, 0x48, 0x34, 0xb6, 0x78, 0xed, 0x6d, 0x95, 0xfb, 0xf2, 0xc0,
+    0x4e, 0x1c, 0xa4, 0x15, 0x00, 0x3c, 0x8a, 0x68, 0x2b, 0xd6, 0xce, 0xd5,
+    0xb3, 0x9f, 0x66, 0x02, 0xa7, 0x0d, 0x08, 0xa3, 0x23, 0x9b, 0xe5, 0x36,
+    0x96, 0x13, 0x22, 0xf9, 0x69, 0xa6, 0x87, 0x88, 0x9b, 0x85, 0x3f, 0x83,
+    0x9c, 0xab, 0x1a, 0x1b, 0x6d, 0x8d, 0x16, 0xf4, 0x5e, 0xbd, 0xee, 0x4b,
+    0x59, 0x56, 0xf8, 0x9d, 0x58, 0xcd, 0xd2, 0x83, 0x85, 0x59, 0x43, 0x84,
+    0x63, 0x4f, 0xe6, 0x1a, 0x86, 0x66, 0x0d, 0xb5, 0xa0, 0x87, 0x89, 0xb6,
+    0x13, 0x82, 0x43, 0xda, 0x34, 0x92, 0x3b, 0x68, 0xc4, 0x95, 0x71, 0x2f,
+    0x15, 0xc2, 0xe0, 0x43, 0x67, 0x3c, 0x08, 0x00, 0x36, 0x10, 0xc3, 0xb4,
+    0x46, 0x4c, 0x4e, 0x6e, 0xf5, 0x44, 0xa9, 0x04, 0x44, 0x9d, 0xce, 0xc7,
+    0x05, 0x79, 0xee, 0x11, 0xcf, 0xaf, 0x2c, 0xd7, 0x9a, 0x32, 0xd3, 0xa5,
+    0x30, 0xd4, 0x3a, 0x78, 0x43, 0x37, 0x74, 0x22, 0x90, 0x24, 0x04, 0x11,
+    0xd7, 0x95, 0x08, 0x52, 0xa4, 0x71, 0x41, 0x68, 0x94, 0xb0, 0xa0, 0xc3,
+    0xec, 0x4e, 0xd2, 0xc4, 0x30, 0x71, 0x98, 0x64, 0x9c, 0xe3, 0x7c, 0x76,
+    0xef, 0x33, 0xa3, 0x2b, 0xb1, 0x87, 0x63, 0xd2, 0x5c, 0x09, 0xfc, 0x90,
+    0x2d, 0x92, 0xf4, 0x57, 0x02, 0x01, 0x03, 0x02, 0x82, 0x01, 0x00, 0x62,
+    0x26, 0xdf, 0xdb, 0x9c, 0x06, 0xf2, 0x1a, 0xad, 0xfc, 0x7a, 0x03, 0x8f,
+    0x3f, 0xc0, 0x71, 0x8a, 0x71, 0xc7, 0xb8, 0x6b, 0x1b, 0x6e, 0x9f, 0xd9,
+    0x0f, 0x37, 0x38, 0x44, 0x0e, 0xec, 0x1d, 0x62, 0x52, 0x61, 0x35, 0x79,
+    0x5c, 0x0a, 0xb6, 0x48, 0xfc, 0x61, 0x24, 0x98, 0x4d, 0x8f, 0xd6, 0x28,
+    0xfc, 0x7e, 0xc2, 0xae, 0x26, 0xad, 0x5c, 0xf7, 0xb6, 0x37, 0xcb, 0xa2,
+    0xb5, 0xeb, 0xaf, 0xe8, 0x60, 0xc5, 0xbd, 0x69, 0xee, 0xa1, 0xd1, 0x53,
+    0x16, 0xda, 0xcd, 0xce, 0xfb, 0x48, 0xf3, 0xb9, 0x52, 0xa1, 0xd5, 0x89,
+    0x68, 0x6d, 0x63, 0x55, 0x7d, 0xb1, 0x9a, 0xc7, 0xe4, 0x89, 0xe3, 0xcd,
+    0x14, 0xee, 0xac, 0x6f, 0x5e, 0x05, 0xc2, 0x17, 0xbd, 0x43, 0x79, 0xb9,
+    0x62, 0x17, 0x50, 0xf1, 0x19, 0xaf, 0xb0, 0x67, 0xae, 0x2a, 0x57, 0xbd,
+    0xc7, 0x66, 0xbc, 0xf3, 0xb3, 0x64, 0xa1, 0xe3, 0x16, 0x74, 0x9e, 0xea,
+    0x02, 0x5c, 0xab, 0x94, 0xd8, 0x97, 0x02, 0x42, 0x0c, 0x2c, 0xba, 0x54,
+    0xb9, 0xaf, 0xe0, 0x45, 0x93, 0xad, 0x7f, 0xb3, 0x10, 0x6a, 0x96, 0x50,
+    0x4b, 0xaf, 0xcf, 0xc8, 0x27, 0x62, 0x2d, 0x83, 0xe9, 0x26, 0xc6, 0x94,
+    0xc1, 0xef, 0x5c, 0x8e, 0x06, 0x42, 0x53, 0xe5, 0x56, 0xaf, 0xc2, 0x99,
+    0x01, 0xaa, 0x9a, 0x71, 0xbc, 0xe8, 0x21, 0x33, 0x2a, 0x2d, 0xa3, 0x36,
+    0xac, 0x1b, 0x86, 0x19, 0xf8, 0xcd, 0x1f, 0x80, 0xa4, 0x26, 0x98, 0xb8,
+    0x9f, 0x62, 0x62, 0xd5, 0x1a, 0x7f, 0xee, 0xdb, 0xdf, 0x81, 0xd3, 0x21,
+    0xdb, 0x33, 0x92, 0xee, 0xff, 0xe2, 0x2f, 0x32, 0x77, 0x73, 0x6a, 0x58,
+    0xab, 0x21, 0xf3, 0xe3, 0xe1, 0xbc, 0x4f, 0x12, 0x72, 0xa6, 0xb5, 0xc2,
+    0xfb, 0x27, 0x9e, 0xc8, 0xca, 0xab, 0x64, 0xa0, 0x87, 0x07, 0x9d, 0xef,
+    0xca, 0x0f, 0xdb, 0x02, 0x81, 0x81, 0x00, 0xe6, 0xd3, 0x4d, 0xc0, 0xa1,
+    0x91, 0x0e, 0x62, 0xfd, 0xb0, 0xdd, 0xc6, 0x30, 0xb8, 0x8c, 0xcb, 0x14,
+    0xc1, 0x4b, 0x69, 0x30, 0xdd, 0xcd, 0x86, 0x67, 0xcb, 0x37, 0x14, 0xc5,
+    0x03, 0xd2, 0xb4, 0x69, 0xab, 0x3d, 0xe5, 0x16, 0x81, 0x0f, 0xe5, 0x50,
+    0xf4, 0x18, 0xb1, 0xec, 0xbc, 0x71, 0xe9, 0x80, 0x99, 0x06, 0xe4, 0xa3,
+    0xfe, 0x44, 0x84, 0x4a, 0x2d, 0x1e, 0x07, 0x7f, 0x22, 0x70, 0x6d, 0x4f,
+    0xd4, 0x93, 0x0b, 0x8b, 0x99, 0xce, 0x1e, 0xab, 0xcd, 0x4c, 0xd2, 0xd3,
+    0x10, 0x47, 0x5c, 0x09, 0x9f, 0x6d, 0x82, 0xc0, 0x08, 0x75, 0xe3, 0x3d,
+    0x83, 0xc2, 0x19, 0x50, 0x29, 0xec, 0x1f, 0x84, 0x29, 0xcc, 0xf1, 0x56,
+    0xee, 0xbd, 0x54, 0x5d, 0xe6, 0x19, 0xdf, 0x0d, 0x1c, 0xa4, 0xbb, 0x0a,
+    0xfe, 0x84, 0x44, 0x29, 0x1d, 0xf9, 0x5c, 0x80, 0x96, 0x5b, 0x24, 0xb4,
+    0xf7, 0x02, 0x1b, 0x02, 0x81, 0x81, 0x00, 0xa3, 0x48, 0xf1, 0x9c, 0x58,
+    0xc2, 0x5f, 0x38, 0xfb, 0xd8, 0x12, 0x39, 0xf1, 0x8e, 0x73, 0xa1, 0xcf,
+    0x78, 0x12, 0xe0, 0xed, 0x2a, 0xbb, 0xef, 0xac, 0x23, 0xb2, 0xbf, 0xd6,
+    0x0c, 0xe9, 0x6e, 0x1e, 0xab, 0xea, 0x3f, 0x68, 0x36, 0xa7, 0x1f, 0xe5,
+    0xab, 0xe0, 0x86, 0xa5, 0x76, 0x32, 0x98, 0xdd, 0x75, 0xb5, 0x2b, 0xbc,
+    0xcb, 0x8a, 0x03, 0x00, 0x7c, 0x2e, 0xca, 0xf8, 0xbc, 0x19, 0xe4, 0xe3,
+    0xa3, 0x31, 0xbd, 0x1d, 0x20, 0x2b, 0x09, 0xad, 0x6f, 0x4c, 0xed, 0x48,
+    0xd4, 0xdf, 0x87, 0xf9, 0xf0, 0x46, 0xb9, 0x86, 0x4c, 0x4b, 0x71, 0xe7,
+    0x48, 0x78, 0xdc, 0xed, 0xc7, 0x82, 0x02, 0x44, 0xd3, 0xa6, 0xb3, 0x10,
+    0x5f, 0x62, 0x81, 0xfc, 0xb8, 0xe4, 0x0e, 0xf4, 0x1a, 0xdd, 0xab, 0x3f,
+    0xbc, 0x63, 0x79, 0x5b, 0x39, 0x69, 0x5e, 0xea, 0xa9, 0x15, 0xfe, 0x90,
+    0xec, 0xda, 0x75, 0x02, 0x81, 0x81, 0x00, 0x99, 0xe2, 0x33, 0xd5, 0xc1,
+    0x0b, 0x5e, 0xec, 0xa9, 0x20, 0x93, 0xd9, 0x75, 0xd0, 0x5d, 0xdc, 0xb8,
+    0x80, 0xdc, 0xf0, 0xcb, 0x3e, 0x89, 0x04, 0x45, 0x32, 0x24, 0xb8, 0x83,
+    0x57, 0xe1, 0xcd, 0x9b, 0xc7, 0x7e, 0x98, 0xb9, 0xab, 0x5f, 0xee, 0x35,
+    0xf8, 0x10, 0x76, 0x9d, 0xd2, 0xf6, 0x9b, 0xab, 0x10, 0xaf, 0x43, 0x17,
+    0xfe, 0xd8, 0x58, 0x31, 0x73, 0x69, 0x5a, 0x54, 0xc1, 0xa0, 0x48, 0xdf,
+    0xe3, 0x0c, 0xb2, 0x5d, 0x11, 0x34, 0x14, 0x72, 0x88, 0xdd, 0xe1, 0xe2,
+    0x0a, 0xda, 0x3d, 0x5b, 0xbf, 0x9e, 0x57, 0x2a, 0xb0, 0x4e, 0x97, 0x7e,
+    0x57, 0xd6, 0xbb, 0x8a, 0xc6, 0x9d, 0x6a, 0x58, 0x1b, 0xdd, 0xf6, 0x39,
+    0xf4, 0x7e, 0x38, 0x3e, 0x99, 0x66, 0x94, 0xb3, 0x68, 0x6d, 0xd2, 0x07,
+    0x54, 0x58, 0x2d, 0x70, 0xbe, 0xa6, 0x3d, 0xab, 0x0e, 0xe7, 0x6d, 0xcd,
+    0xfa, 0x01, 0x67, 0x02, 0x81, 0x80, 0x6c, 0xdb, 0x4b, 0xbd, 0x90, 0x81,
+    0x94, 0xd0, 0xa7, 0xe5, 0x61, 0x7b, 0xf6, 0x5e, 0xf7, 0xc1, 0x34, 0xfa,
+    0xb7, 0x40, 0x9e, 0x1c, 0x7d, 0x4a, 0x72, 0xc2, 0x77, 0x2a, 0x8e, 0xb3,
+    0x46, 0x49, 0x69, 0xc7, 0xf1, 0x7f, 0x9a, 0xcf, 0x1a, 0x15, 0x43, 0xc7,
+    0xeb, 0x04, 0x6e, 0x4e, 0xcc, 0x65, 0xe8, 0xf9, 0x23, 0x72, 0x7d, 0xdd,
+    0x06, 0xac, 0xaa, 0xfd, 0x74, 0x87, 0x50, 0x7d, 0x66, 0x98, 0x97, 0xc2,
+    0x21, 0x28, 0xbe, 0x15, 0x72, 0x06, 0x73, 0x9f, 0x88, 0x9e, 0x30, 0x8d,
+    0xea, 0x5a, 0xa6, 0xa0, 0x2f, 0x26, 0x59, 0x88, 0x32, 0x4b, 0xef, 0x85,
+    0xa5, 0xe8, 0x9e, 0x85, 0x01, 0x56, 0xd8, 0x8d, 0x19, 0xcc, 0xb5, 0x94,
+    0xec, 0x56, 0xa8, 0x7b, 0x42, 0xb4, 0xa2, 0xbc, 0x93, 0xc7, 0x7f, 0xd2,
+    0xec, 0xfb, 0x92, 0x26, 0x46, 0x3f, 0x47, 0x1b, 0x63, 0xff, 0x0b, 0x48,
+    0x91, 0xa3, 0x02, 0x81, 0x80, 0x2c, 0x4a, 0xb9, 0xa4, 0x46, 0x7b, 0xff,
+    0x50, 0x7e, 0xbf, 0x60, 0x47, 0x3b, 0x2b, 0x66, 0x82, 0xdc, 0x0e, 0x53,
+    0x65, 0x71, 0xe9, 0xda, 0x2a, 0xb8, 0x32, 0x93, 0x42, 0xb7, 0xff, 0xea,
+    0x67, 0x66, 0xf1, 0xbc, 0x87, 0x28, 0x65, 0x29, 0x79, 0xca, 0xab, 0x93,
+    0x56, 0xda, 0x95, 0xc1, 0x26, 0x44, 0x3d, 0x27, 0xc1, 0x91, 0xc6, 0x9b,
+    0xd9, 0xec, 0x9d, 0xb7, 0x49, 0xe7, 0x16, 0xee, 0x99, 0x87, 0x50, 0x95,
+    0x81, 0xd4, 0x5c, 0x5b, 0x5a, 0x5d, 0x0a, 0x43, 0xa5, 0xa7, 0x8f, 0x5a,
+    0x80, 0x49, 0xa0, 0xb7, 0x10, 0x85, 0xc7, 0xf4, 0x42, 0x34, 0x86, 0xb6,
+    0x5f, 0x3f, 0x88, 0x9e, 0xc7, 0xf5, 0x59, 0x29, 0x39, 0x68, 0x48, 0xf2,
+    0xd7, 0x08, 0x5b, 0x92, 0x8e, 0x6b, 0xea, 0xa5, 0x63, 0x5f, 0xc0, 0xfb,
+    0xe4, 0xe1, 0xb2, 0x7d, 0xb7, 0x40, 0xe9, 0x55, 0x06, 0xbf, 0x58, 0x25,
+    0x6f};
 
-// kOAEPCiphertext2 is a sample encryption of |kPlaintext| with |kKey2| using
-// RSA OAEP.
-static const uint8_t kOAEPCiphertext2[] =
-    "\x14\xbd\xdd\x28\xc9\x83\x35\x19\x23\x80\xe8\xe5\x49\xb1\x58\x2a\x8b\x40"
-    "\xb4\x48\x6d\x03\xa6\xa5\x31\x1f\x1f\xd5\xf0\xa1\x80\xe4\x17\x53\x03\x29"
-    "\xa9\x34\x90\x74\xb1\x52\x13\x54\x29\x08\x24\x52\x62\x51";
-
-// kKey3 is a DER-encoded RSAPrivateKey.
-static const uint8_t kKey3[] =
-    "\x30\x82\x02\x5b\x02\x01\x00\x02\x81\x81\x00\xbb\xf8\x2f\x09\x06\x82\xce"
-    "\x9c\x23\x38\xac\x2b\x9d\xa8\x71\xf7\x36\x8d\x07\xee\xd4\x10\x43\xa4\x40"
-    "\xd6\xb6\xf0\x74\x54\xf5\x1f\xb8\xdf\xba\xaf\x03\x5c\x02\xab\x61\xea\x48"
-    "\xce\xeb\x6f\xcd\x48\x76\xed\x52\x0d\x60\xe1\xec\x46\x19\x71\x9d\x8a\x5b"
-    "\x8b\x80\x7f\xaf\xb8\xe0\xa3\xdf\xc7\x37\x72\x3e\xe6\xb4\xb7\xd9\x3a\x25"
-    "\x84\xee\x6a\x64\x9d\x06\x09\x53\x74\x88\x34\xb2\x45\x45\x98\x39\x4e\xe0"
-    "\xaa\xb1\x2d\x7b\x61\xa5\x1f\x52\x7a\x9a\x41\xf6\xc1\x68\x7f\xe2\x53\x72"
-    "\x98\xca\x2a\x8f\x59\x46\xf8\xe5\xfd\x09\x1d\xbd\xcb\x02\x01\x11\x02\x81"
-    "\x81\x00\xa5\xda\xfc\x53\x41\xfa\xf2\x89\xc4\xb9\x88\xdb\x30\xc1\xcd\xf8"
-    "\x3f\x31\x25\x1e\x06\x68\xb4\x27\x84\x81\x38\x01\x57\x96\x41\xb2\x94\x10"
-    "\xb3\xc7\x99\x8d\x6b\xc4\x65\x74\x5e\x5c\x39\x26\x69\xd6\x87\x0d\xa2\xc0"
-    "\x82\xa9\x39\xe3\x7f\xdc\xb8\x2e\xc9\x3e\xda\xc9\x7f\xf3\xad\x59\x50\xac"
-    "\xcf\xbc\x11\x1c\x76\xf1\xa9\x52\x94\x44\xe5\x6a\xaf\x68\xc5\x6c\x09\x2c"
-    "\xd3\x8d\xc3\xbe\xf5\xd2\x0a\x93\x99\x26\xed\x4f\x74\xa1\x3e\xdd\xfb\xe1"
-    "\xa1\xce\xcc\x48\x94\xaf\x94\x28\xc2\xb7\xb8\x88\x3f\xe4\x46\x3a\x4b\xc8"
-    "\x5b\x1c\xb3\xc1\x02\x41\x00\xee\xcf\xae\x81\xb1\xb9\xb3\xc9\x08\x81\x0b"
-    "\x10\xa1\xb5\x60\x01\x99\xeb\x9f\x44\xae\xf4\xfd\xa4\x93\xb8\x1a\x9e\x3d"
-    "\x84\xf6\x32\x12\x4e\xf0\x23\x6e\x5d\x1e\x3b\x7e\x28\xfa\xe7\xaa\x04\x0a"
-    "\x2d\x5b\x25\x21\x76\x45\x9d\x1f\x39\x75\x41\xba\x2a\x58\xfb\x65\x99\x02"
-    "\x41\x00\xc9\x7f\xb1\xf0\x27\xf4\x53\xf6\x34\x12\x33\xea\xaa\xd1\xd9\x35"
-    "\x3f\x6c\x42\xd0\x88\x66\xb1\xd0\x5a\x0f\x20\x35\x02\x8b\x9d\x86\x98\x40"
-    "\xb4\x16\x66\xb4\x2e\x92\xea\x0d\xa3\xb4\x32\x04\xb5\xcf\xce\x33\x52\x52"
-    "\x4d\x04\x16\xa5\xa4\x41\xe7\x00\xaf\x46\x15\x03\x02\x40\x54\x49\x4c\xa6"
-    "\x3e\xba\x03\x37\xe4\xe2\x40\x23\xfc\xd6\x9a\x5a\xeb\x07\xdd\xdc\x01\x83"
-    "\xa4\xd0\xac\x9b\x54\xb0\x51\xf2\xb1\x3e\xd9\x49\x09\x75\xea\xb7\x74\x14"
-    "\xff\x59\xc1\xf7\x69\x2e\x9a\x2e\x20\x2b\x38\xfc\x91\x0a\x47\x41\x74\xad"
-    "\xc9\x3c\x1f\x67\xc9\x81\x02\x40\x47\x1e\x02\x90\xff\x0a\xf0\x75\x03\x51"
-    "\xb7\xf8\x78\x86\x4c\xa9\x61\xad\xbd\x3a\x8a\x7e\x99\x1c\x5c\x05\x56\xa9"
-    "\x4c\x31\x46\xa7\xf9\x80\x3f\x8f\x6f\x8a\xe3\x42\xe9\x31\xfd\x8a\xe4\x7a"
-    "\x22\x0d\x1b\x99\xa4\x95\x84\x98\x07\xfe\x39\xf9\x24\x5a\x98\x36\xda\x3d"
-    "\x02\x41\x00\xb0\x6c\x4f\xda\xbb\x63\x01\x19\x8d\x26\x5b\xdb\xae\x94\x23"
-    "\xb3\x80\xf2\x71\xf7\x34\x53\x88\x50\x93\x07\x7f\xcd\x39\xe2\x11\x9f\xc9"
-    "\x86\x32\x15\x4f\x58\x83\xb1\x67\xa9\x67\xbf\x40\x2b\x4e\x9e\x2e\x0f\x96"
-    "\x56\xe6\x98\xea\x36\x66\xed\xfb\x25\x79\x80\x39\xf7";
-
-// kOAEPCiphertext3 is a sample encryption of |kPlaintext| with |kKey3| using
-// RSA OAEP.
-static const uint8_t kOAEPCiphertext3[] =
-    "\xb8\x24\x6b\x56\xa6\xed\x58\x81\xae\xb5\x85\xd9\xa2\x5b\x2a\xd7\x90\xc4"
-    "\x17\xe0\x80\x68\x1b\xf1\xac\x2b\xc3\xde\xb6\x9d\x8b\xce\xf0\xc4\x36\x6f"
-    "\xec\x40\x0a\xf0\x52\xa7\x2e\x9b\x0e\xff\xb5\xb3\xf2\xf1\x92\xdb\xea\xca"
-    "\x03\xc1\x27\x40\x05\x71\x13\xbf\x1f\x06\x69\xac\x22\xe9\xf3\xa7\x85\x2e"
-    "\x3c\x15\xd9\x13\xca\xb0\xb8\x86\x3a\x95\xc9\x92\x94\xce\x86\x74\x21\x49"
-    "\x54\x61\x03\x46\xf4\xd4\x74\xb2\x6f\x7c\x48\xb4\x2e\xe6\x8e\x1f\x57\x2a"
-    "\x1f\xc4\x02\x6a\xc4\x56\xb4\xf5\x9f\x7b\x62\x1e\xa1\xb9\xd8\x8f\x64\x20"
-    "\x2f\xb1";
-
-static const uint8_t kTwoPrimeKey[] =
-    "\x30\x82\x04\xa1\x02\x01\x00\x02\x82\x01\x01\x00\x93\x3a\x4f\xc9\x6a\x0a"
-    "\x6b\x28\x04\xfa\xb7\x05\x56\xdf\xa0\xaa\x4f\xaa\xab\x94\xa0\xa9\x25\xef"
-    "\xc5\x96\xd2\xd4\x66\x16\x62\x2c\x13\x7b\x91\xd0\x36\x0a\x10\x11\x6d\x7a"
-    "\x91\xb6\xe4\x74\x57\xc1\x3d\x7a\xbe\x24\x05\x3a\x04\x0b\x73\x91\x53\xb1"
-    "\x74\x10\xe1\x87\xdc\x91\x28\x9c\x1e\xe5\xf2\xb9\xfc\xa2\x48\x34\xb6\x78"
-    "\xed\x6d\x95\xfb\xf2\xc0\x4e\x1c\xa4\x15\x00\x3c\x8a\x68\x2b\xd6\xce\xd5"
-    "\xb3\x9f\x66\x02\xa7\x0d\x08\xa3\x23\x9b\xe5\x36\x96\x13\x22\xf9\x69\xa6"
-    "\x87\x88\x9b\x85\x3f\x83\x9c\xab\x1a\x1b\x6d\x8d\x16\xf4\x5e\xbd\xee\x4b"
-    "\x59\x56\xf8\x9d\x58\xcd\xd2\x83\x85\x59\x43\x84\x63\x4f\xe6\x1a\x86\x66"
-    "\x0d\xb5\xa0\x87\x89\xb6\x13\x82\x43\xda\x34\x92\x3b\x68\xc4\x95\x71\x2f"
-    "\x15\xc2\xe0\x43\x67\x3c\x08\x00\x36\x10\xc3\xb4\x46\x4c\x4e\x6e\xf5\x44"
-    "\xa9\x04\x44\x9d\xce\xc7\x05\x79\xee\x11\xcf\xaf\x2c\xd7\x9a\x32\xd3\xa5"
-    "\x30\xd4\x3a\x78\x43\x37\x74\x22\x90\x24\x04\x11\xd7\x95\x08\x52\xa4\x71"
-    "\x41\x68\x94\xb0\xa0\xc3\xec\x4e\xd2\xc4\x30\x71\x98\x64\x9c\xe3\x7c\x76"
-    "\xef\x33\xa3\x2b\xb1\x87\x63\xd2\x5c\x09\xfc\x90\x2d\x92\xf4\x57\x02\x01"
-    "\x03\x02\x82\x01\x00\x62\x26\xdf\xdb\x9c\x06\xf2\x1a\xad\xfc\x7a\x03\x8f"
-    "\x3f\xc0\x71\x8a\x71\xc7\xb8\x6b\x1b\x6e\x9f\xd9\x0f\x37\x38\x44\x0e\xec"
-    "\x1d\x62\x52\x61\x35\x79\x5c\x0a\xb6\x48\xfc\x61\x24\x98\x4d\x8f\xd6\x28"
-    "\xfc\x7e\xc2\xae\x26\xad\x5c\xf7\xb6\x37\xcb\xa2\xb5\xeb\xaf\xe8\x60\xc5"
-    "\xbd\x69\xee\xa1\xd1\x53\x16\xda\xcd\xce\xfb\x48\xf3\xb9\x52\xa1\xd5\x89"
-    "\x68\x6d\x63\x55\x7d\xb1\x9a\xc7\xe4\x89\xe3\xcd\x14\xee\xac\x6f\x5e\x05"
-    "\xc2\x17\xbd\x43\x79\xb9\x62\x17\x50\xf1\x19\xaf\xb0\x67\xae\x2a\x57\xbd"
-    "\xc7\x66\xbc\xf3\xb3\x64\xa1\xe3\x16\x74\x9e\xea\x02\x5c\xab\x94\xd8\x97"
-    "\x02\x42\x0c\x2c\xba\x54\xb9\xaf\xe0\x45\x93\xad\x7f\xb3\x10\x6a\x96\x50"
-    "\x4b\xaf\xcf\xc8\x27\x62\x2d\x83\xe9\x26\xc6\x94\xc1\xef\x5c\x8e\x06\x42"
-    "\x53\xe5\x56\xaf\xc2\x99\x01\xaa\x9a\x71\xbc\xe8\x21\x33\x2a\x2d\xa3\x36"
-    "\xac\x1b\x86\x19\xf8\xcd\x1f\x80\xa4\x26\x98\xb8\x9f\x62\x62\xd5\x1a\x7f"
-    "\xee\xdb\xdf\x81\xd3\x21\xdb\x33\x92\xee\xff\xe2\x2f\x32\x77\x73\x6a\x58"
-    "\xab\x21\xf3\xe3\xe1\xbc\x4f\x12\x72\xa6\xb5\xc2\xfb\x27\x9e\xc8\xca\xab"
-    "\x64\xa0\x87\x07\x9d\xef\xca\x0f\xdb\x02\x81\x81\x00\xe6\xd3\x4d\xc0\xa1"
-    "\x91\x0e\x62\xfd\xb0\xdd\xc6\x30\xb8\x8c\xcb\x14\xc1\x4b\x69\x30\xdd\xcd"
-    "\x86\x67\xcb\x37\x14\xc5\x03\xd2\xb4\x69\xab\x3d\xe5\x16\x81\x0f\xe5\x50"
-    "\xf4\x18\xb1\xec\xbc\x71\xe9\x80\x99\x06\xe4\xa3\xfe\x44\x84\x4a\x2d\x1e"
-    "\x07\x7f\x22\x70\x6d\x4f\xd4\x93\x0b\x8b\x99\xce\x1e\xab\xcd\x4c\xd2\xd3"
-    "\x10\x47\x5c\x09\x9f\x6d\x82\xc0\x08\x75\xe3\x3d\x83\xc2\x19\x50\x29\xec"
-    "\x1f\x84\x29\xcc\xf1\x56\xee\xbd\x54\x5d\xe6\x19\xdf\x0d\x1c\xa4\xbb\x0a"
-    "\xfe\x84\x44\x29\x1d\xf9\x5c\x80\x96\x5b\x24\xb4\xf7\x02\x1b\x02\x81\x81"
-    "\x00\xa3\x48\xf1\x9c\x58\xc2\x5f\x38\xfb\xd8\x12\x39\xf1\x8e\x73\xa1\xcf"
-    "\x78\x12\xe0\xed\x2a\xbb\xef\xac\x23\xb2\xbf\xd6\x0c\xe9\x6e\x1e\xab\xea"
-    "\x3f\x68\x36\xa7\x1f\xe5\xab\xe0\x86\xa5\x76\x32\x98\xdd\x75\xb5\x2b\xbc"
-    "\xcb\x8a\x03\x00\x7c\x2e\xca\xf8\xbc\x19\xe4\xe3\xa3\x31\xbd\x1d\x20\x2b"
-    "\x09\xad\x6f\x4c\xed\x48\xd4\xdf\x87\xf9\xf0\x46\xb9\x86\x4c\x4b\x71\xe7"
-    "\x48\x78\xdc\xed\xc7\x82\x02\x44\xd3\xa6\xb3\x10\x5f\x62\x81\xfc\xb8\xe4"
-    "\x0e\xf4\x1a\xdd\xab\x3f\xbc\x63\x79\x5b\x39\x69\x5e\xea\xa9\x15\xfe\x90"
-    "\xec\xda\x75\x02\x81\x81\x00\x99\xe2\x33\xd5\xc1\x0b\x5e\xec\xa9\x20\x93"
-    "\xd9\x75\xd0\x5d\xdc\xb8\x80\xdc\xf0\xcb\x3e\x89\x04\x45\x32\x24\xb8\x83"
-    "\x57\xe1\xcd\x9b\xc7\x7e\x98\xb9\xab\x5f\xee\x35\xf8\x10\x76\x9d\xd2\xf6"
-    "\x9b\xab\x10\xaf\x43\x17\xfe\xd8\x58\x31\x73\x69\x5a\x54\xc1\xa0\x48\xdf"
-    "\xe3\x0c\xb2\x5d\x11\x34\x14\x72\x88\xdd\xe1\xe2\x0a\xda\x3d\x5b\xbf\x9e"
-    "\x57\x2a\xb0\x4e\x97\x7e\x57\xd6\xbb\x8a\xc6\x9d\x6a\x58\x1b\xdd\xf6\x39"
-    "\xf4\x7e\x38\x3e\x99\x66\x94\xb3\x68\x6d\xd2\x07\x54\x58\x2d\x70\xbe\xa6"
-    "\x3d\xab\x0e\xe7\x6d\xcd\xfa\x01\x67\x02\x81\x80\x6c\xdb\x4b\xbd\x90\x81"
-    "\x94\xd0\xa7\xe5\x61\x7b\xf6\x5e\xf7\xc1\x34\xfa\xb7\x40\x9e\x1c\x7d\x4a"
-    "\x72\xc2\x77\x2a\x8e\xb3\x46\x49\x69\xc7\xf1\x7f\x9a\xcf\x1a\x15\x43\xc7"
-    "\xeb\x04\x6e\x4e\xcc\x65\xe8\xf9\x23\x72\x7d\xdd\x06\xac\xaa\xfd\x74\x87"
-    "\x50\x7d\x66\x98\x97\xc2\x21\x28\xbe\x15\x72\x06\x73\x9f\x88\x9e\x30\x8d"
-    "\xea\x5a\xa6\xa0\x2f\x26\x59\x88\x32\x4b\xef\x85\xa5\xe8\x9e\x85\x01\x56"
-    "\xd8\x8d\x19\xcc\xb5\x94\xec\x56\xa8\x7b\x42\xb4\xa2\xbc\x93\xc7\x7f\xd2"
-    "\xec\xfb\x92\x26\x46\x3f\x47\x1b\x63\xff\x0b\x48\x91\xa3\x02\x81\x80\x2c"
-    "\x4a\xb9\xa4\x46\x7b\xff\x50\x7e\xbf\x60\x47\x3b\x2b\x66\x82\xdc\x0e\x53"
-    "\x65\x71\xe9\xda\x2a\xb8\x32\x93\x42\xb7\xff\xea\x67\x66\xf1\xbc\x87\x28"
-    "\x65\x29\x79\xca\xab\x93\x56\xda\x95\xc1\x26\x44\x3d\x27\xc1\x91\xc6\x9b"
-    "\xd9\xec\x9d\xb7\x49\xe7\x16\xee\x99\x87\x50\x95\x81\xd4\x5c\x5b\x5a\x5d"
-    "\x0a\x43\xa5\xa7\x8f\x5a\x80\x49\xa0\xb7\x10\x85\xc7\xf4\x42\x34\x86\xb6"
-    "\x5f\x3f\x88\x9e\xc7\xf5\x59\x29\x39\x68\x48\xf2\xd7\x08\x5b\x92\x8e\x6b"
-    "\xea\xa5\x63\x5f\xc0\xfb\xe4\xe1\xb2\x7d\xb7\x40\xe9\x55\x06\xbf\x58\x25"
-    "\x6f";
-
-static const uint8_t kTwoPrimeEncryptedMessage[] = {
+// kPKCS1Ciphertext2 is "hello world" encrypted with kKey2 and RSAES-PKCS1-v1_5.
+static const uint8_t kPKCS1Ciphertext2[] = {
     0x63, 0x0a, 0x30, 0x45, 0x43, 0x11, 0x45, 0xb7, 0x99, 0x67, 0x90, 0x35,
     0x37, 0x27, 0xff, 0xbc, 0xe0, 0xbf, 0xa6, 0xd1, 0x47, 0x50, 0xbb, 0x6c,
     0x1c, 0xaa, 0x66, 0xf2, 0xff, 0x9d, 0x9a, 0xa6, 0xb4, 0x16, 0x63, 0xb0,
@@ -324,8 +297,107 @@ static const uint8_t kTwoPrimeEncryptedMessage[] = {
     0xc2, 0x73, 0x51, 0xb5, 0x03, 0xfb, 0xf9, 0xf6, 0xb5, 0x8d, 0x4e, 0x6c,
     0x21, 0x0e, 0xf9, 0x97, 0x26, 0x57, 0xf3, 0x52, 0x72, 0x07, 0xf8, 0xb4,
     0xcd, 0xb4, 0x39, 0xcf, 0xbf, 0x78, 0xcc, 0xb6, 0x87, 0xf9, 0xb7, 0x8b,
-    0x6a, 0xce, 0x9f, 0xc8,
-};
+    0x6a, 0xce, 0x9f, 0xc8};
+
+// kOAEPCiphertext2 is a sample encryption of |kPlaintext| with |kKey2| using
+// RSA OAEP, SHA-1, and no label. It was generated with:
+//
+// clang-format off
+// openssl pkeyutl -encrypt -inkey key2.pem -pkeyopt rsa_padding_mode:oaep -pkeyopt rsa_oaep_md:sha1 -in plaintext | xxd -i
+// clang-format on
+static const uint8_t kOAEPCiphertext2[] = {
+    0x56, 0x10, 0x50, 0x5b, 0x9a, 0xa8, 0x2e, 0x3f, 0x24, 0x06, 0x5b, 0xd3,
+    0x06, 0x03, 0xde, 0x18, 0x69, 0xb2, 0x1b, 0xec, 0x12, 0x14, 0x76, 0xb9,
+    0x8c, 0x7b, 0xf8, 0x4a, 0xaf, 0x87, 0xa8, 0x83, 0x49, 0x1c, 0x5e, 0xb4,
+    0xe5, 0x9f, 0xff, 0x00, 0xf2, 0xdd, 0x34, 0xf0, 0x10, 0x9f, 0xca, 0xc6,
+    0x02, 0x54, 0x23, 0xb2, 0xc3, 0xdc, 0x74, 0xa8, 0x9f, 0xd2, 0xdc, 0x87,
+    0x48, 0x2f, 0x02, 0x8b, 0xf1, 0x7a, 0x91, 0x8d, 0x2d, 0x77, 0x7f, 0x6f,
+    0x8f, 0x19, 0xde, 0x90, 0x54, 0x0d, 0x1b, 0x7b, 0x96, 0x81, 0x84, 0xf9,
+    0x03, 0x48, 0xef, 0xab, 0xe5, 0x07, 0xcd, 0x7f, 0x01, 0xeb, 0x86, 0x8d,
+    0x7e, 0x7e, 0xf8, 0x2a, 0x50, 0x02, 0xcd, 0xcb, 0xa5, 0xfe, 0xc2, 0x35,
+    0x1f, 0x82, 0xef, 0xb9, 0x1d, 0x98, 0xd5, 0x07, 0x94, 0x37, 0x08, 0x13,
+    0x1c, 0xc8, 0x19, 0x06, 0x13, 0x2d, 0x1c, 0xb2, 0x50, 0x34, 0xad, 0x99,
+    0x3c, 0xe6, 0xce, 0x4c, 0x88, 0x6d, 0x96, 0xc8, 0x85, 0xd1, 0x5e, 0xd5,
+    0x77, 0x02, 0x0a, 0xa9, 0x2a, 0xf1, 0xa3, 0x4a, 0x04, 0x65, 0x87, 0x05,
+    0x6b, 0x34, 0x65, 0x1c, 0xef, 0x64, 0x11, 0xee, 0x23, 0x7e, 0x36, 0x4f,
+    0x4c, 0x5d, 0xb7, 0xd6, 0x79, 0x30, 0xec, 0xdf, 0xde, 0x35, 0x32, 0xd0,
+    0xb0, 0x7e, 0x26, 0x1f, 0xea, 0xa2, 0x78, 0x98, 0x4b, 0x77, 0x9b, 0x03,
+    0x75, 0x33, 0x08, 0x72, 0x91, 0x0b, 0x77, 0xc0, 0x6e, 0xe1, 0x0f, 0x14,
+    0xf1, 0xf0, 0xb9, 0xe5, 0x5f, 0x08, 0xc2, 0x92, 0x79, 0x2e, 0x6f, 0xef,
+    0x2a, 0x1b, 0x31, 0x64, 0x36, 0x67, 0xf8, 0x1d, 0xc8, 0xb7, 0xc3, 0x15,
+    0x6c, 0xd8, 0x35, 0x34, 0x44, 0xb2, 0x91, 0xf2, 0x07, 0x86, 0xd6, 0xfa,
+    0x42, 0x04, 0xae, 0xc5, 0x17, 0x14, 0x61, 0x6f, 0x12, 0x84, 0xb9, 0x99,
+    0x47, 0xd1, 0xdc, 0x3c};
+
+// kKey3 is a DER-encoded RSAPrivateKey. It is a 1024-bit RSA private key with
+// exponent 17.
+static const uint8_t kKey3[] = {
+    0x30, 0x82, 0x02, 0x5b, 0x02, 0x01, 0x00, 0x02, 0x81, 0x81, 0x00, 0xbb,
+    0xf8, 0x2f, 0x09, 0x06, 0x82, 0xce, 0x9c, 0x23, 0x38, 0xac, 0x2b, 0x9d,
+    0xa8, 0x71, 0xf7, 0x36, 0x8d, 0x07, 0xee, 0xd4, 0x10, 0x43, 0xa4, 0x40,
+    0xd6, 0xb6, 0xf0, 0x74, 0x54, 0xf5, 0x1f, 0xb8, 0xdf, 0xba, 0xaf, 0x03,
+    0x5c, 0x02, 0xab, 0x61, 0xea, 0x48, 0xce, 0xeb, 0x6f, 0xcd, 0x48, 0x76,
+    0xed, 0x52, 0x0d, 0x60, 0xe1, 0xec, 0x46, 0x19, 0x71, 0x9d, 0x8a, 0x5b,
+    0x8b, 0x80, 0x7f, 0xaf, 0xb8, 0xe0, 0xa3, 0xdf, 0xc7, 0x37, 0x72, 0x3e,
+    0xe6, 0xb4, 0xb7, 0xd9, 0x3a, 0x25, 0x84, 0xee, 0x6a, 0x64, 0x9d, 0x06,
+    0x09, 0x53, 0x74, 0x88, 0x34, 0xb2, 0x45, 0x45, 0x98, 0x39, 0x4e, 0xe0,
+    0xaa, 0xb1, 0x2d, 0x7b, 0x61, 0xa5, 0x1f, 0x52, 0x7a, 0x9a, 0x41, 0xf6,
+    0xc1, 0x68, 0x7f, 0xe2, 0x53, 0x72, 0x98, 0xca, 0x2a, 0x8f, 0x59, 0x46,
+    0xf8, 0xe5, 0xfd, 0x09, 0x1d, 0xbd, 0xcb, 0x02, 0x01, 0x11, 0x02, 0x81,
+    0x81, 0x00, 0xa5, 0xda, 0xfc, 0x53, 0x41, 0xfa, 0xf2, 0x89, 0xc4, 0xb9,
+    0x88, 0xdb, 0x30, 0xc1, 0xcd, 0xf8, 0x3f, 0x31, 0x25, 0x1e, 0x06, 0x68,
+    0xb4, 0x27, 0x84, 0x81, 0x38, 0x01, 0x57, 0x96, 0x41, 0xb2, 0x94, 0x10,
+    0xb3, 0xc7, 0x99, 0x8d, 0x6b, 0xc4, 0x65, 0x74, 0x5e, 0x5c, 0x39, 0x26,
+    0x69, 0xd6, 0x87, 0x0d, 0xa2, 0xc0, 0x82, 0xa9, 0x39, 0xe3, 0x7f, 0xdc,
+    0xb8, 0x2e, 0xc9, 0x3e, 0xda, 0xc9, 0x7f, 0xf3, 0xad, 0x59, 0x50, 0xac,
+    0xcf, 0xbc, 0x11, 0x1c, 0x76, 0xf1, 0xa9, 0x52, 0x94, 0x44, 0xe5, 0x6a,
+    0xaf, 0x68, 0xc5, 0x6c, 0x09, 0x2c, 0xd3, 0x8d, 0xc3, 0xbe, 0xf5, 0xd2,
+    0x0a, 0x93, 0x99, 0x26, 0xed, 0x4f, 0x74, 0xa1, 0x3e, 0xdd, 0xfb, 0xe1,
+    0xa1, 0xce, 0xcc, 0x48, 0x94, 0xaf, 0x94, 0x28, 0xc2, 0xb7, 0xb8, 0x88,
+    0x3f, 0xe4, 0x46, 0x3a, 0x4b, 0xc8, 0x5b, 0x1c, 0xb3, 0xc1, 0x02, 0x41,
+    0x00, 0xee, 0xcf, 0xae, 0x81, 0xb1, 0xb9, 0xb3, 0xc9, 0x08, 0x81, 0x0b,
+    0x10, 0xa1, 0xb5, 0x60, 0x01, 0x99, 0xeb, 0x9f, 0x44, 0xae, 0xf4, 0xfd,
+    0xa4, 0x93, 0xb8, 0x1a, 0x9e, 0x3d, 0x84, 0xf6, 0x32, 0x12, 0x4e, 0xf0,
+    0x23, 0x6e, 0x5d, 0x1e, 0x3b, 0x7e, 0x28, 0xfa, 0xe7, 0xaa, 0x04, 0x0a,
+    0x2d, 0x5b, 0x25, 0x21, 0x76, 0x45, 0x9d, 0x1f, 0x39, 0x75, 0x41, 0xba,
+    0x2a, 0x58, 0xfb, 0x65, 0x99, 0x02, 0x41, 0x00, 0xc9, 0x7f, 0xb1, 0xf0,
+    0x27, 0xf4, 0x53, 0xf6, 0x34, 0x12, 0x33, 0xea, 0xaa, 0xd1, 0xd9, 0x35,
+    0x3f, 0x6c, 0x42, 0xd0, 0x88, 0x66, 0xb1, 0xd0, 0x5a, 0x0f, 0x20, 0x35,
+    0x02, 0x8b, 0x9d, 0x86, 0x98, 0x40, 0xb4, 0x16, 0x66, 0xb4, 0x2e, 0x92,
+    0xea, 0x0d, 0xa3, 0xb4, 0x32, 0x04, 0xb5, 0xcf, 0xce, 0x33, 0x52, 0x52,
+    0x4d, 0x04, 0x16, 0xa5, 0xa4, 0x41, 0xe7, 0x00, 0xaf, 0x46, 0x15, 0x03,
+    0x02, 0x40, 0x54, 0x49, 0x4c, 0xa6, 0x3e, 0xba, 0x03, 0x37, 0xe4, 0xe2,
+    0x40, 0x23, 0xfc, 0xd6, 0x9a, 0x5a, 0xeb, 0x07, 0xdd, 0xdc, 0x01, 0x83,
+    0xa4, 0xd0, 0xac, 0x9b, 0x54, 0xb0, 0x51, 0xf2, 0xb1, 0x3e, 0xd9, 0x49,
+    0x09, 0x75, 0xea, 0xb7, 0x74, 0x14, 0xff, 0x59, 0xc1, 0xf7, 0x69, 0x2e,
+    0x9a, 0x2e, 0x20, 0x2b, 0x38, 0xfc, 0x91, 0x0a, 0x47, 0x41, 0x74, 0xad,
+    0xc9, 0x3c, 0x1f, 0x67, 0xc9, 0x81, 0x02, 0x40, 0x47, 0x1e, 0x02, 0x90,
+    0xff, 0x0a, 0xf0, 0x75, 0x03, 0x51, 0xb7, 0xf8, 0x78, 0x86, 0x4c, 0xa9,
+    0x61, 0xad, 0xbd, 0x3a, 0x8a, 0x7e, 0x99, 0x1c, 0x5c, 0x05, 0x56, 0xa9,
+    0x4c, 0x31, 0x46, 0xa7, 0xf9, 0x80, 0x3f, 0x8f, 0x6f, 0x8a, 0xe3, 0x42,
+    0xe9, 0x31, 0xfd, 0x8a, 0xe4, 0x7a, 0x22, 0x0d, 0x1b, 0x99, 0xa4, 0x95,
+    0x84, 0x98, 0x07, 0xfe, 0x39, 0xf9, 0x24, 0x5a, 0x98, 0x36, 0xda, 0x3d,
+    0x02, 0x41, 0x00, 0xb0, 0x6c, 0x4f, 0xda, 0xbb, 0x63, 0x01, 0x19, 0x8d,
+    0x26, 0x5b, 0xdb, 0xae, 0x94, 0x23, 0xb3, 0x80, 0xf2, 0x71, 0xf7, 0x34,
+    0x53, 0x88, 0x50, 0x93, 0x07, 0x7f, 0xcd, 0x39, 0xe2, 0x11, 0x9f, 0xc9,
+    0x86, 0x32, 0x15, 0x4f, 0x58, 0x83, 0xb1, 0x67, 0xa9, 0x67, 0xbf, 0x40,
+    0x2b, 0x4e, 0x9e, 0x2e, 0x0f, 0x96, 0x56, 0xe6, 0x98, 0xea, 0x36, 0x66,
+    0xed, 0xfb, 0x25, 0x79, 0x80, 0x39, 0xf7};
+
+// kOAEPCiphertext3 is a sample encryption of |kPlaintext| with |kKey3| using
+// RSA OAEP, SHA-1, and no label.
+static const uint8_t kOAEPCiphertext3[] = {
+    0xb8, 0x24, 0x6b, 0x56, 0xa6, 0xed, 0x58, 0x81, 0xae, 0xb5, 0x85, 0xd9,
+    0xa2, 0x5b, 0x2a, 0xd7, 0x90, 0xc4, 0x17, 0xe0, 0x80, 0x68, 0x1b, 0xf1,
+    0xac, 0x2b, 0xc3, 0xde, 0xb6, 0x9d, 0x8b, 0xce, 0xf0, 0xc4, 0x36, 0x6f,
+    0xec, 0x40, 0x0a, 0xf0, 0x52, 0xa7, 0x2e, 0x9b, 0x0e, 0xff, 0xb5, 0xb3,
+    0xf2, 0xf1, 0x92, 0xdb, 0xea, 0xca, 0x03, 0xc1, 0x27, 0x40, 0x05, 0x71,
+    0x13, 0xbf, 0x1f, 0x06, 0x69, 0xac, 0x22, 0xe9, 0xf3, 0xa7, 0x85, 0x2e,
+    0x3c, 0x15, 0xd9, 0x13, 0xca, 0xb0, 0xb8, 0x86, 0x3a, 0x95, 0xc9, 0x92,
+    0x94, 0xce, 0x86, 0x74, 0x21, 0x49, 0x54, 0x61, 0x03, 0x46, 0xf4, 0xd4,
+    0x74, 0xb2, 0x6f, 0x7c, 0x48, 0xb4, 0x2e, 0xe6, 0x8e, 0x1f, 0x57, 0x2a,
+    0x1f, 0xc4, 0x02, 0x6a, 0xc4, 0x56, 0xb4, 0xf5, 0x9f, 0x7b, 0x62, 0x1e,
+    0xa1, 0xb9, 0xd8, 0x8f, 0x64, 0x20, 0x2f, 0xb1};
 
 // kEstonianRSAKey is an RSAPublicKey encoded with a negative modulus. See
 // https://crbug.com/532048.
@@ -384,14 +456,12 @@ static const uint8_t kExponent1RSAKey[] = {
 };
 
 struct RSAEncryptParam {
-  const uint8_t *der;
-  size_t der_len;
-  const uint8_t *oaep_ciphertext;
-  size_t oaep_ciphertext_len;
+  bssl::Span<const uint8_t> der;
+  bssl::Span<const uint8_t> oaep_ciphertext;
 } kRSAEncryptParams[] = {
-    {kKey1, sizeof(kKey1) - 1, kOAEPCiphertext1, sizeof(kOAEPCiphertext1) - 1},
-    {kKey2, sizeof(kKey2) - 1, kOAEPCiphertext2, sizeof(kOAEPCiphertext2) - 1},
-    {kKey3, sizeof(kKey3) - 1, kOAEPCiphertext3, sizeof(kOAEPCiphertext3) - 1},
+    {kKey1, kOAEPCiphertext1},
+    {kKey2, kOAEPCiphertext2},
+    {kKey3, kOAEPCiphertext3},
 };
 
 class RSAEncryptTest : public testing::TestWithParam<RSAEncryptParam> {};
@@ -400,7 +470,7 @@ TEST_P(RSAEncryptTest, TestKey) {
   // Construct an RSA key in different ways.
   const auto &param = GetParam();
   bssl::UniquePtr<RSA> parsed(
-      RSA_private_key_from_bytes(param.der, param.der_len));
+      RSA_private_key_from_bytes(param.der.data(), param.der.size()));
   ASSERT_TRUE(parsed);
   EXPECT_TRUE(RSA_get0_e(parsed.get()));
   EXPECT_TRUE(RSA_get0_d(parsed.get()));
@@ -437,64 +507,63 @@ TEST_P(RSAEncryptTest, TestKey) {
        {parsed.get(), constructed.get(), no_crt.get(), no_e.get(), pub.get()}) {
     EXPECT_TRUE(RSA_check_key(key));
 
-    uint8_t ciphertext[256], plaintext[256];
+    std::vector<uint8_t> ciphertext(RSA_size(key)), plaintext(RSA_size(key));
     size_t ciphertext_len = 0, plaintext_len = 0;
 
     if (RSA_get0_e(key) != nullptr) {
       // Test that PKCS#1 v1.5 encryption round-trips.
-      ASSERT_TRUE(RSA_encrypt(key, &ciphertext_len, ciphertext,
-                              sizeof(ciphertext), kPlaintext, kPlaintextLen,
+      ASSERT_TRUE(RSA_encrypt(key, &ciphertext_len, ciphertext.data(),
+                              ciphertext.size(), kPlaintext, sizeof(kPlaintext),
                               RSA_PKCS1_PADDING));
       EXPECT_EQ(RSA_size(key), ciphertext_len);
 
-      ASSERT_TRUE(RSA_decrypt(parsed.get(), &plaintext_len, plaintext,
-                              sizeof(plaintext), ciphertext, ciphertext_len,
-                              RSA_PKCS1_PADDING));
-      EXPECT_EQ(Bytes(kPlaintext, kPlaintextLen),
-                Bytes(plaintext, plaintext_len));
+      ASSERT_TRUE(RSA_decrypt(parsed.get(), &plaintext_len, plaintext.data(),
+                              plaintext.size(), ciphertext.data(),
+                              ciphertext_len, RSA_PKCS1_PADDING));
+      EXPECT_EQ(Bytes(kPlaintext), Bytes(plaintext.data(), plaintext_len));
 
       // Test that OAEP encryption round-trips.
       ciphertext_len = 0;
-      ASSERT_TRUE(RSA_encrypt(key, &ciphertext_len, ciphertext,
-                              sizeof(ciphertext), kPlaintext, kPlaintextLen,
+      ASSERT_TRUE(RSA_encrypt(key, &ciphertext_len, ciphertext.data(),
+                              ciphertext.size(), kPlaintext, sizeof(kPlaintext),
                               RSA_PKCS1_OAEP_PADDING));
       EXPECT_EQ(RSA_size(key), ciphertext_len);
 
       plaintext_len = 0;
-      ASSERT_TRUE(RSA_decrypt(parsed.get(), &plaintext_len, plaintext,
-                              sizeof(plaintext), ciphertext, ciphertext_len,
-                              RSA_PKCS1_OAEP_PADDING));
-      EXPECT_EQ(Bytes(kPlaintext, kPlaintextLen),
-                Bytes(plaintext, plaintext_len));
+      ASSERT_TRUE(RSA_decrypt(parsed.get(), &plaintext_len, plaintext.data(),
+                              plaintext.size(), ciphertext.data(),
+                              ciphertext_len, RSA_PKCS1_OAEP_PADDING));
+      EXPECT_EQ(Bytes(kPlaintext), Bytes(plaintext.data(), plaintext_len));
     }
 
     if (RSA_get0_d(key) != nullptr) {
       // |oaep_ciphertext| should decrypt to |kPlaintext|.
       plaintext_len = 0;
-      ASSERT_TRUE(RSA_decrypt(key, &plaintext_len, plaintext, sizeof(plaintext),
-                              param.oaep_ciphertext, param.oaep_ciphertext_len,
+      ASSERT_TRUE(RSA_decrypt(key, &plaintext_len, plaintext.data(),
+                              plaintext.size(), param.oaep_ciphertext.data(),
+                              param.oaep_ciphertext.size(),
                               RSA_PKCS1_OAEP_PADDING));
-      EXPECT_EQ(Bytes(kPlaintext, kPlaintextLen),
-                Bytes(plaintext, plaintext_len));
+      EXPECT_EQ(Bytes(kPlaintext), Bytes(plaintext.data(), plaintext_len));
 
       // Try decrypting corrupted ciphertexts.
-      OPENSSL_memcpy(ciphertext, param.oaep_ciphertext,
-                     param.oaep_ciphertext_len);
-      for (size_t i = 0; i < param.oaep_ciphertext_len; i++) {
+      ciphertext.assign(
+          param.oaep_ciphertext.data(),
+          param.oaep_ciphertext.data() + param.oaep_ciphertext.size());
+      for (size_t i = 0; i < ciphertext.size(); i++) {
         SCOPED_TRACE(i);
         ciphertext[i] ^= 1;
-        EXPECT_FALSE(RSA_decrypt(
-            key, &plaintext_len, plaintext, sizeof(plaintext), ciphertext,
-            param.oaep_ciphertext_len, RSA_PKCS1_OAEP_PADDING));
+        EXPECT_FALSE(RSA_decrypt(key, &plaintext_len, plaintext.data(),
+                                 plaintext.size(), ciphertext.data(),
+                                 ciphertext.size(), RSA_PKCS1_OAEP_PADDING));
         ERR_clear_error();
         ciphertext[i] ^= 1;
       }
 
       // Test truncated ciphertexts.
-      for (size_t len = 0; len < param.oaep_ciphertext_len; len++) {
+      for (size_t len = 0; len < ciphertext.size(); len++) {
         SCOPED_TRACE(len);
-        EXPECT_FALSE(RSA_decrypt(key, &plaintext_len, plaintext,
-                                 sizeof(plaintext), ciphertext, len,
+        EXPECT_FALSE(RSA_decrypt(key, &plaintext_len, plaintext.data(),
+                                 plaintext.size(), ciphertext.data(), len,
                                  RSA_PKCS1_OAEP_PADDING));
         ERR_clear_error();
       }
@@ -506,29 +575,28 @@ INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(All, RSAEncryptTest,
                          testing::ValuesIn(kRSAEncryptParams));
 
 TEST(RSATest, TestDecrypt) {
-  bssl::UniquePtr<RSA> rsa(
-      RSA_private_key_from_bytes(kTwoPrimeKey, sizeof(kTwoPrimeKey) - 1));
+  bssl::UniquePtr<RSA> rsa(RSA_private_key_from_bytes(kKey2, sizeof(kKey2)));
   ASSERT_TRUE(rsa);
 
   EXPECT_TRUE(RSA_check_key(rsa.get()));
 
-  uint8_t out[256];
+  std::vector<uint8_t> out(RSA_size(rsa.get()));
   size_t out_len;
-  ASSERT_TRUE(RSA_decrypt(
-      rsa.get(), &out_len, out, sizeof(out), kTwoPrimeEncryptedMessage,
-      sizeof(kTwoPrimeEncryptedMessage), RSA_PKCS1_PADDING));
-  EXPECT_EQ(Bytes("hello world"), Bytes(out, out_len));
+  ASSERT_TRUE(RSA_decrypt(rsa.get(), &out_len, out.data(), out.size(),
+                          kPKCS1Ciphertext2, sizeof(kPKCS1Ciphertext2),
+                          RSA_PKCS1_PADDING));
+  out.resize(out_len);
+  EXPECT_EQ(Bytes("hello world"), Bytes(out));
 }
 
 TEST(RSATest, CheckFIPS) {
-  bssl::UniquePtr<RSA> rsa(
-      RSA_private_key_from_bytes(kFIPSKey, sizeof(kFIPSKey) - 1));
+  bssl::UniquePtr<RSA> rsa(RSA_private_key_from_bytes(kKey1, sizeof(kKey1)));
   ASSERT_TRUE(rsa);
   EXPECT_TRUE(RSA_check_fips(rsa.get()));
 
   // Check that RSA_check_fips works on a public key.
   bssl::UniquePtr<RSA> pub(
-      RSA_public_key_from_bytes(kFIPSPublicKey, sizeof(kFIPSPublicKey) - 1));
+      RSA_public_key_from_bytes(kKey1Public, sizeof(kKey1Public)));
   ASSERT_TRUE(pub);
   EXPECT_TRUE(RSA_check_fips(pub.get()));
 }
@@ -586,8 +654,7 @@ TEST(RSATest, BadKey) {
 
 TEST(RSATest, ASN1) {
   // Test that private keys may be decoded.
-  bssl::UniquePtr<RSA> rsa(
-      RSA_private_key_from_bytes(kKey1, sizeof(kKey1) - 1));
+  bssl::UniquePtr<RSA> rsa(RSA_private_key_from_bytes(kKey1, sizeof(kKey1)));
   ASSERT_TRUE(rsa);
 
   // Test that the serialization round-trips.
@@ -595,7 +662,7 @@ TEST(RSATest, ASN1) {
   size_t der_len;
   ASSERT_TRUE(RSA_private_key_to_bytes(&der, &der_len, rsa.get()));
   bssl::UniquePtr<uint8_t> delete_der(der);
-  EXPECT_EQ(Bytes(kKey1, sizeof(kKey1) - 1), Bytes(der, der_len));
+  EXPECT_EQ(Bytes(kKey1), Bytes(der, der_len));
 
   // Test that serializing public keys works.
   ASSERT_TRUE(RSA_public_key_to_bytes(&der, &der_len, rsa.get()));
@@ -679,20 +746,18 @@ TEST(RSATest, RoundKeyLengths) {
 
 TEST(RSATest, BlindingDisabled) {
   bssl::UniquePtr<RSA> rsa(
-      RSA_private_key_from_bytes(kTwoPrimeKey, sizeof(kTwoPrimeKey) - 1));
+      RSA_private_key_from_bytes(kKey2, sizeof(kKey2)));
   ASSERT_TRUE(rsa);
 
   rsa->flags |= RSA_FLAG_NO_BLINDING;
 
-  uint8_t sig[256];
-  ASSERT_GE(sizeof(sig), RSA_size(rsa.get()));
-
+  std::vector<uint8_t> sig(RSA_size(rsa.get()));
   static const uint8_t kZeros[32] = {0};
   unsigned sig_len;
-  ASSERT_TRUE(
-      RSA_sign(NID_sha256, kZeros, sizeof(kZeros), sig, &sig_len, rsa.get()));
-  EXPECT_TRUE(
-      RSA_verify(NID_sha256, kZeros, sizeof(kZeros), sig, sig_len, rsa.get()));
+  ASSERT_TRUE(RSA_sign(NID_sha256, kZeros, sizeof(kZeros), sig.data(), &sig_len,
+                       rsa.get()));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(RSA_verify(NID_sha256, kZeros, sizeof(kZeros), sig.data(),
+                         sig_len, rsa.get()));
 }
 
 TEST(RSATest, CheckKey) {
@@ -1007,15 +1072,14 @@ TEST(RSATest, KeygenInternalRetry) {
 TEST(RSATest, OverwriteKey) {
   // Make a key and perform public and private key operations with it, so that
   // all derived values are filled in.
-  bssl::UniquePtr<RSA> key1(
-      RSA_private_key_from_bytes(kKey1, sizeof(kKey1) - 1));
+  bssl::UniquePtr<RSA> key1(RSA_private_key_from_bytes(kKey1, sizeof(kKey1)));
   ASSERT_TRUE(key1);
 
   ASSERT_TRUE(RSA_check_key(key1.get()));
   size_t len;
   std::vector<uint8_t> ciphertext(RSA_size(key1.get()));
   ASSERT_TRUE(RSA_encrypt(key1.get(), &len, ciphertext.data(),
-                          ciphertext.size(), kPlaintext, kPlaintextLen,
+                          ciphertext.size(), kPlaintext, sizeof(kPlaintext),
                           RSA_PKCS1_OAEP_PADDING));
   ciphertext.resize(len);
 
@@ -1024,11 +1088,10 @@ TEST(RSATest, OverwriteKey) {
                           plaintext.size(), ciphertext.data(), ciphertext.size(),
                           RSA_PKCS1_OAEP_PADDING));
   plaintext.resize(len);
-  EXPECT_EQ(Bytes(plaintext), Bytes(kPlaintext, kPlaintextLen));
+  EXPECT_EQ(Bytes(plaintext), Bytes(kPlaintext));
 
   // Overwrite |key1| with the contents of |key2|.
-  bssl::UniquePtr<RSA> key2(
-      RSA_private_key_from_bytes(kKey2, sizeof(kKey2) - 1));
+  bssl::UniquePtr<RSA> key2(RSA_private_key_from_bytes(kKey2, sizeof(kKey2)));
   ASSERT_TRUE(key2);
 
   auto copy_rsa_fields = [](RSA *dst, const RSA *src) {
@@ -1057,8 +1120,8 @@ TEST(RSATest, OverwriteKey) {
 
   auto check_rsa_compatible = [&](RSA *enc, RSA *dec) {
     ciphertext.resize(RSA_size(enc));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(RSA_encrypt(enc, &len, ciphertext.data(),
-                            ciphertext.size(), kPlaintext, kPlaintextLen,
+    ASSERT_TRUE(RSA_encrypt(enc, &len, ciphertext.data(), ciphertext.size(),
+                            kPlaintext, sizeof(kPlaintext),
                             RSA_PKCS1_OAEP_PADDING));
     ciphertext.resize(len);
 
@@ -1067,7 +1130,7 @@ TEST(RSATest, OverwriteKey) {
                             plaintext.size(), ciphertext.data(),
                             ciphertext.size(), RSA_PKCS1_OAEP_PADDING));
     plaintext.resize(len);
-    EXPECT_EQ(Bytes(plaintext), Bytes(kPlaintext, kPlaintextLen));
+    EXPECT_EQ(Bytes(plaintext), Bytes(kPlaintext));
   };
 
   ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
@@ -1093,8 +1156,7 @@ TEST(RSATest, OverwriteKey) {
 
 // Test that RSA keys do not support operations will cleanly fail them.
 TEST(RSATest, MissingParameters) {
-  bssl::UniquePtr<RSA> sample(
-      RSA_private_key_from_bytes(kKey1, sizeof(kKey1) - 1));
+  bssl::UniquePtr<RSA> sample(RSA_private_key_from_bytes(kKey1, sizeof(kKey1)));
   ASSERT_TRUE(sample);
 
   // Make a sample signature.
@@ -1119,7 +1181,7 @@ TEST(RSATest, MissingParameters) {
 
   size_t len;
   EXPECT_FALSE(RSA_decrypt(rsa.get(), &len, out.data(), out.size(),
-                           kOAEPCiphertext1, sizeof(kOAEPCiphertext1) - 1,
+                           kOAEPCiphertext1, sizeof(kOAEPCiphertext1),
                            RSA_PKCS1_OAEP_PADDING));
   err = ERR_get_error();
   EXPECT_EQ(ERR_LIB_RSA, ERR_GET_LIB(err));
@@ -1137,7 +1199,7 @@ TEST(RSATest, MissingParameters) {
   EXPECT_EQ(RSA_R_VALUE_MISSING, ERR_GET_REASON(err));
 
   EXPECT_FALSE(RSA_encrypt(rsa.get(), &len, out.data(), out.size(), kPlaintext,
-                           kPlaintextLen, RSA_PKCS1_OAEP_PADDING));
+                           sizeof(kPlaintext), RSA_PKCS1_OAEP_PADDING));
   err = ERR_get_error();
   EXPECT_EQ(ERR_LIB_RSA, ERR_GET_LIB(err));
   EXPECT_EQ(RSA_R_VALUE_MISSING, ERR_GET_REASON(err));
@@ -1154,7 +1216,7 @@ TEST(RSATest, Negative) {
   };
 
   bssl::UniquePtr<RSA> key(
-      RSA_private_key_from_bytes(kFIPSKey, sizeof(kFIPSKey) - 1));
+      RSA_private_key_from_bytes(kKey1, sizeof(kKey1)));
   ASSERT_TRUE(key);
   const BIGNUM *n = RSA_get0_n(key.get());
   bssl::UniquePtr<BIGNUM> neg_n = dup_neg(n);
@@ -1194,10 +1256,9 @@ TEST(RSATest, Negative) {
 }
 
 TEST(RSATest, LargeE) {
-  // Test an RSA key with large e by swapping d and e in kFIPSKey. Since e is
-  // small, e mod (p-1) and e mod (q-1) will simply be e.
-  bssl::UniquePtr<RSA> key(
-      RSA_private_key_from_bytes(kFIPSKey, sizeof(kFIPSKey) - 1));
+  // Test an RSA key with large e by swapping d and e in kKey1.
+  // Since e is small, e mod (p-1) and e mod (q-1) will simply be e.
+  bssl::UniquePtr<RSA> key(RSA_private_key_from_bytes(kKey1, sizeof(kKey1)));
   ASSERT_TRUE(key);
   const BIGNUM *n = RSA_get0_n(key.get());
   const BIGNUM *e = RSA_get0_e(key.get());
@@ -1266,6 +1327,97 @@ TEST(RSATest, LargeE) {
   EXPECT_FALSE(RSA_new_public_key_large_e(n, bad_e.get()));
 }
 
+// Test minimum key limits on RSA keys. Currently, we require a minimum of
+// 512-bit RSA.
+//
+// TODO(crbug.com/boringssl/607): Raise this limit. 512-bit RSA was factored in
+// 1999.
+TEST(RSATest, SmallKey) {
+  static const uint8_t kRSA511Private[] = {
+      0x30, 0x82, 0x01, 0x39, 0x02, 0x01, 0x00, 0x02, 0x40, 0x56, 0xc1, 0x3d,
+      0xb3, 0x4f, 0xe4, 0xe9, 0x2f, 0x29, 0x8a, 0xd3, 0xe2, 0xfe, 0xb3, 0x3b,
+      0x88, 0x02, 0x8b, 0xdd, 0x44, 0xb5, 0x41, 0x4b, 0x43, 0x97, 0x93, 0x75,
+      0x78, 0x4b, 0x10, 0x30, 0x88, 0xce, 0xd2, 0x32, 0xe3, 0x9e, 0xda, 0x68,
+      0xc9, 0xc3, 0xcd, 0xa1, 0xde, 0xbc, 0x4a, 0xeb, 0x37, 0x60, 0xd2, 0x82,
+      0x2f, 0x5d, 0x21, 0x3b, 0x88, 0x0e, 0x12, 0x44, 0x4d, 0x5d, 0x44, 0xc1,
+      0x9d, 0x02, 0x03, 0x01, 0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x40, 0x08, 0xe5, 0xf5, 0x30,
+      0x29, 0x27, 0xaf, 0x8b, 0x38, 0xd5, 0x96, 0x7a, 0x17, 0xe9, 0xc6, 0x57,
+      0x62, 0xfb, 0x79, 0x8c, 0x8c, 0x92, 0xcf, 0xe7, 0x74, 0xea, 0x99, 0x07,
+      0xe7, 0x9b, 0x17, 0x7f, 0x30, 0x9f, 0x86, 0x55, 0x15, 0x8d, 0xe6, 0xa8,
+      0x0d, 0x7b, 0x42, 0x41, 0x27, 0x18, 0x29, 0x55, 0xb1, 0x08, 0x07, 0x2a,
+      0x4e, 0x67, 0x19, 0x9c, 0xe3, 0xe4, 0x84, 0xd6, 0x82, 0x62, 0xd4, 0x81,
+      0x02, 0x21, 0x00, 0xcd, 0x5a, 0x9b, 0x23, 0x3d, 0xb5, 0x9c, 0x56, 0xbc,
+      0xc5, 0x56, 0xcf, 0x77, 0x58, 0xc0, 0x62, 0x72, 0xa0, 0x85, 0x77, 0xf4,
+      0xc3, 0xf8, 0x47, 0x6d, 0xc0, 0x8f, 0x18, 0x77, 0xee, 0xf1, 0xad, 0x02,
+      0x20, 0x6c, 0x26, 0xaa, 0x8a, 0xaf, 0x7b, 0x9f, 0x35, 0x19, 0x08, 0xc2,
+      0xa0, 0x9f, 0x4e, 0x9e, 0x62, 0x48, 0xb1, 0x7c, 0x0e, 0x68, 0x63, 0x0d,
+      0x05, 0x76, 0x73, 0x0a, 0xa0, 0xb3, 0xed, 0x6d, 0xb1, 0x02, 0x21, 0x00,
+      0xc2, 0x26, 0x1c, 0xb0, 0xa7, 0xe2, 0x31, 0x4a, 0x4c, 0x34, 0xe2, 0xcb,
+      0x49, 0x51, 0xce, 0xaa, 0x05, 0x27, 0xc0, 0xa8, 0x55, 0xf0, 0x85, 0xa6,
+      0xba, 0x9c, 0x28, 0x6e, 0x00, 0xce, 0x17, 0x0d, 0x02, 0x20, 0x65, 0x51,
+      0xb0, 0x11, 0xaf, 0x26, 0xbc, 0x57, 0x4d, 0x35, 0xb4, 0xc8, 0x2f, 0x96,
+      0xc2, 0xb0, 0xc6, 0xf3, 0x67, 0x8a, 0x43, 0xe7, 0x0f, 0xaa, 0xdf, 0x76,
+      0x15, 0x2d, 0xca, 0x82, 0x93, 0x71, 0x02, 0x21, 0x00, 0x9e, 0x89, 0x74,
+      0x15, 0x7e, 0x73, 0x43, 0xa0, 0x1e, 0xa9, 0xa5, 0x9f, 0xad, 0xf1, 0xa0,
+      0xfa, 0x13, 0x86, 0x10, 0x3f, 0xb0, 0xba, 0x3f, 0x45, 0x87, 0x13, 0x02,
+      0x86, 0xa4, 0xa4, 0x31, 0x92};
+  static const uint8_t kRSA511Public[] = {
+      0x30, 0x47, 0x02, 0x40, 0x56, 0xc1, 0x3d, 0xb3, 0x4f, 0xe4, 0xe9,
+      0x2f, 0x29, 0x8a, 0xd3, 0xe2, 0xfe, 0xb3, 0x3b, 0x88, 0x02, 0x8b,
+      0xdd, 0x44, 0xb5, 0x41, 0x4b, 0x43, 0x97, 0x93, 0x75, 0x78, 0x4b,
+      0x10, 0x30, 0x88, 0xce, 0xd2, 0x32, 0xe3, 0x9e, 0xda, 0x68, 0xc9,
+      0xc3, 0xcd, 0xa1, 0xde, 0xbc, 0x4a, 0xeb, 0x37, 0x60, 0xd2, 0x82,
+      0x2f, 0x5d, 0x21, 0x3b, 0x88, 0x0e, 0x12, 0x44, 0x4d, 0x5d, 0x44,
+      0xc1, 0x9d, 0x02, 0x03, 0x01, 0x00, 0x01};
+  static const uint8_t kRSA512Private[] = {
+      0x30, 0x82, 0x01, 0x3a, 0x02, 0x01, 0x00, 0x02, 0x41, 0x00, 0xa5, 0x44,
+      0x8f, 0x3d, 0xa2, 0x0b, 0x20, 0xc6, 0xac, 0x10, 0xc1, 0x27, 0x11, 0xf0,
+      0x43, 0x5d, 0x05, 0xb7, 0x0f, 0x80, 0x3b, 0x9b, 0x85, 0xf1, 0x7a, 0x0e,
+      0xbd, 0x72, 0xed, 0x8a, 0xdc, 0xa1, 0xaa, 0xd4, 0x53, 0xcb, 0x65, 0x78,
+      0x4b, 0x30, 0x6b, 0x52, 0x51, 0xee, 0xcd, 0x2f, 0x90, 0x7b, 0xd1, 0x9c,
+      0xe9, 0x79, 0x98, 0x58, 0xe3, 0x47, 0x35, 0xa7, 0xcd, 0x6a, 0x71, 0x38,
+      0xb5, 0x0d, 0x02, 0x03, 0x01, 0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x41, 0x00, 0x94, 0x24,
+      0x82, 0xa9, 0xe2, 0xa9, 0x4a, 0xf6, 0x0b, 0xa2, 0xf1, 0x21, 0x0e, 0x89,
+      0x6a, 0x38, 0xe6, 0x38, 0x93, 0xe2, 0x84, 0x8c, 0x02, 0x62, 0xd4, 0xe0,
+      0x85, 0x9d, 0x91, 0xa4, 0xd9, 0xe3, 0x77, 0x6c, 0x26, 0x85, 0xf6, 0x2e,
+      0x0a, 0xe4, 0x18, 0x73, 0x06, 0x9a, 0xea, 0xde, 0x78, 0x65, 0xba, 0x7a,
+      0xdb, 0xc0, 0x3b, 0xf7, 0x29, 0x1e, 0x43, 0xed, 0xaf, 0xf5, 0xaf, 0xa8,
+      0xdf, 0x01, 0x02, 0x21, 0x00, 0xdb, 0x93, 0x05, 0x2d, 0xf3, 0xdf, 0xe4,
+      0x31, 0xef, 0x50, 0xc7, 0x54, 0x0f, 0x08, 0x5d, 0x50, 0x42, 0xfa, 0xb9,
+      0x20, 0x37, 0x98, 0xd3, 0xc0, 0x64, 0x2f, 0xb6, 0xe4, 0xb2, 0xfe, 0xe5,
+      0x6d, 0x02, 0x21, 0x00, 0xc0, 0xaf, 0x3a, 0x1f, 0xd9, 0xba, 0x5a, 0x6a,
+      0xc2, 0x80, 0x2e, 0x7b, 0x65, 0x3d, 0x8a, 0x76, 0xae, 0x4b, 0x5a, 0xff,
+      0x7a, 0x9a, 0x5e, 0xc2, 0xfa, 0x07, 0xfb, 0x2d, 0x0c, 0x16, 0x6a, 0x21,
+      0x02, 0x20, 0x06, 0xf3, 0xb9, 0xb7, 0x41, 0xc0, 0x75, 0xfe, 0x2a, 0xc0,
+      0x98, 0xff, 0x0d, 0x56, 0xcb, 0x75, 0x8e, 0x19, 0x58, 0x21, 0x30, 0x01,
+      0x73, 0xba, 0xe4, 0xb1, 0x2a, 0x0e, 0x45, 0xa8, 0x92, 0x65, 0x02, 0x20,
+      0x25, 0xcd, 0xbb, 0x3f, 0xa8, 0x7e, 0x11, 0x63, 0x44, 0xc9, 0xd5, 0x54,
+      0xcc, 0x66, 0x28, 0x96, 0x64, 0x57, 0xd0, 0x80, 0xb3, 0x53, 0x3a, 0x28,
+      0x52, 0xd9, 0xe2, 0x03, 0xd2, 0x8d, 0x4b, 0x41, 0x02, 0x20, 0x09, 0x30,
+      0xd9, 0xfd, 0xad, 0x31, 0x1a, 0x38, 0xb7, 0x71, 0x06, 0xed, 0x49, 0xa6,
+      0xe2, 0xec, 0x42, 0xc2, 0x8e, 0xe9, 0xec, 0xf7, 0x3e, 0xb7, 0x4a, 0x5e,
+      0x2e, 0xa2, 0x7a, 0x8d, 0xa4, 0x95};
+  static const uint8_t kRSA512Public[] = {
+      0x30, 0x48, 0x02, 0x41, 0x00, 0xa5, 0x44, 0x8f, 0x3d, 0xa2, 0x0b,
+      0x20, 0xc6, 0xac, 0x10, 0xc1, 0x27, 0x11, 0xf0, 0x43, 0x5d, 0x05,
+      0xb7, 0x0f, 0x80, 0x3b, 0x9b, 0x85, 0xf1, 0x7a, 0x0e, 0xbd, 0x72,
+      0xed, 0x8a, 0xdc, 0xa1, 0xaa, 0xd4, 0x53, 0xcb, 0x65, 0x78, 0x4b,
+      0x30, 0x6b, 0x52, 0x51, 0xee, 0xcd, 0x2f, 0x90, 0x7b, 0xd1, 0x9c,
+      0xe9, 0x79, 0x98, 0x58, 0xe3, 0x47, 0x35, 0xa7, 0xcd, 0x6a, 0x71,
+      0x38, 0xb5, 0x0d, 0x02, 0x03, 0x01, 0x00, 0x01};
+
+  bssl::UniquePtr<RSA> rsa(
+      RSA_public_key_from_bytes(kRSA511Public, sizeof(kRSA511Public)));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(rsa);
+  rsa.reset(RSA_private_key_from_bytes(kRSA511Private, sizeof(kRSA511Private)));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(rsa);
+
+  rsa.reset(RSA_public_key_from_bytes(kRSA512Public, sizeof(kRSA512Public)));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(rsa);
+  rsa.reset(RSA_private_key_from_bytes(kRSA512Private, sizeof(kRSA512Private)));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(rsa);
+}
+
 #if !defined(BORINGSSL_SHARED_LIBRARY)
 TEST(RSATest, SqrtTwo) {
   bssl::UniquePtr<BIGNUM> sqrt(BN_new()), pow2(BN_new());
@@ -1299,15 +1451,15 @@ TEST(RSATest, SqrtTwo) {
 #if defined(OPENSSL_THREADS)
 TEST(RSATest, Threads) {
   bssl::UniquePtr<RSA> rsa_template(
-      RSA_private_key_from_bytes(kKey1, sizeof(kKey1) - 1));
+      RSA_private_key_from_bytes(kKey1, sizeof(kKey1)));
   ASSERT_TRUE(rsa_template);
 
   const uint8_t kDummyHash[32] = {0};
-  uint8_t sig[256];
-  unsigned sig_len = sizeof(sig);
-  ASSERT_LE(RSA_size(rsa_template.get()), sizeof(sig));
-  EXPECT_TRUE(RSA_sign(NID_sha256, kDummyHash, sizeof(kDummyHash), sig,
+  std::vector<uint8_t> sig(RSA_size(rsa_template.get()));
+  unsigned sig_len;
+  EXPECT_TRUE(RSA_sign(NID_sha256, kDummyHash, sizeof(kDummyHash), sig.data(),
                        &sig_len, rsa_template.get()));
+  sig.resize(sig_len);
 
   // RSA keys may be assembled piece-meal and then used in parallel between
   // threads, which requires internal locking to create some derived properties.
@@ -1338,17 +1490,17 @@ TEST(RSATest, Threads) {
     EXPECT_EQ(0, BN_cmp(d, rsa_template->d));
   };
   auto sign = [&] {
-    uint8_t sig2[256];
-    unsigned sig2_len = sizeof(sig2);
-    ASSERT_LE(RSA_size(rsa.get()), sizeof(sig2));
-    EXPECT_TRUE(RSA_sign(NID_sha256, kDummyHash, sizeof(kDummyHash), sig2,
-                         &sig2_len, rsa.get()));
+    std::vector<uint8_t> sig2(RSA_size(rsa.get()));
+    unsigned sig2_len;
+    EXPECT_TRUE(RSA_sign(NID_sha256, kDummyHash, sizeof(kDummyHash),
+                         sig2.data(), &sig2_len, rsa.get()));
+    sig2.resize(sig2_len);
     // RSASSA-PKCS1-v1_5 is deterministic.
-    EXPECT_EQ(Bytes(sig, sig_len), Bytes(sig2, sig2_len));
+    EXPECT_EQ(Bytes(sig), Bytes(sig2));
   };
   auto verify = [&] {
-    EXPECT_TRUE(RSA_verify(NID_sha256, kDummyHash, sizeof(kDummyHash), sig,
-                           sig_len, rsa.get()));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(RSA_verify(NID_sha256, kDummyHash, sizeof(kDummyHash),
+                           sig.data(), sig.size(), rsa.get()));
   };
 
   std::vector<std::thread> threads;
@@ -1375,8 +1527,7 @@ TEST(RSATest, Threads) {
 #if defined(OPENSSL_TSAN) || \
     (defined(OPENSSL_X86_64) && !defined(OPENSSL_FREEBSD))
 TEST(RSATest, DISABLED_BlindingCacheConcurrency) {
-  bssl::UniquePtr<RSA> rsa(
-      RSA_private_key_from_bytes(kKey1, sizeof(kKey1) - 1));
+  bssl::UniquePtr<RSA> rsa(RSA_private_key_from_bytes(kKey1, sizeof(kKey1)));
   ASSERT_TRUE(rsa);
 
 #if defined(OPENSSL_TSAN)
@@ -1389,13 +1540,11 @@ TEST(RSATest, DISABLED_BlindingCacheConcurrency) {
 
   const uint8_t kDummyHash[32] = {0};
   auto worker = [&] {
-    uint8_t sig[256];
-    ASSERT_LE(RSA_size(rsa.get()), sizeof(sig));
-
+    std::vector<uint8_t> sig(RSA_size(rsa.get()));
     for (size_t i = 0; i < kSignaturesPerThread; i++) {
-      unsigned sig_len = sizeof(sig);
-      EXPECT_TRUE(RSA_sign(NID_sha256, kDummyHash, sizeof(kDummyHash), sig,
-                           &sig_len, rsa.get()));
+      unsigned sig_len = sig.size();
+      EXPECT_TRUE(RSA_sign(NID_sha256, kDummyHash, sizeof(kDummyHash),
+                           sig.data(), &sig_len, rsa.get()));
     }
   };